吸积盘、类星体和宇宙学：走向理解
Accretion disks, quasars and cosmology: meandering towards understanding
摘要：
正如Seti和Woltjer在1973年指出的那样，类星体可以用来构建哈勃图，但实际应用并不那么简单。花了几年时间才成功地实现了这个想法。现在，大多数将类星体用于宇宙学的方法都需要一步一步地深入了解它们的结构。我们简要回顾这一进展，不可避免的个人偏见，并集中在明亮的无遮挡的来源。我们将提到靠近黑洞的最内层稳定圆形轨道附近的气体流动特征问题，这个问题在50年前就讨论过，后来导致了细长盘假设的发展，但最近在磁滞环（MAD）和标准和正常演化（SANE）盘模型的背景下又重新出现。我们还讨论了热/暖日冕的问题，这仍在讨论中，复杂的X射线反射的分析。我们提出的情况下，形成的宽线区域的低电离部分作为一个主要失败的风供电的辐射压力作用于灰尘（FRADO -失败的辐射驱动的尘埃外流模型）。接下来，我们讨论了目前可实现的类星体的宇宙学约束，主要集中在光回波方法（连续时间延迟和谱线相对于连续时间延迟），这是（或应该）将上述进展。最后，我们简要地提到这一方向的未来前景。
英文摘要：
As Setti & Woltjer noted back in 1973, quasars could be used to construct the Hubble diagram but the actual application was not that straightforward. It took years to implement the idea successfully. Most of the ways to use quasars for cosmology now require an advanced understanding of their structure, step by step. We briefly review this progress, with unavoidable personal bias, and concentrate on bright unobscured sources. We will mention the problem of the gas flow character close to the innermost stable circular orbit close to the black hole, discussed 50 years ago, which later led to the development of the slim disk scenario, but was recently revived in the context of Magnetically Arrested Disks (MAD) and Standard and Normal Evolution (SANE) disk models. We also discuss the hot/warm corona issue, which is still under discussion and complicates the analysis of the X-ray reflection. We present the scenario of the formation of the low ionization part of the Broad Line Region as a mostly failed wind powered by radiation pressure acting on dust (FRADO - Failed Radiatively Driven Dusty Outflow model). Next, we discuss the cosmological constraints that are currently achievable with quasars, mostly concentrating on light echo methods (continuum time delays and spectral line time delays with respect to the continuum) which are (or should be) incorporating the progress mentioned above. Finally, we briefly mention future prospects in this direction.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
