Mandator and Sporades：具有高效请求分发的健壮广域共识
Mandator and Sporades: Robust Wide-Area Consensus with Efficient Request Dissemination
摘要：
共识算法被部署在广域中以实现地理上复制的应用的高可用性。广域共识是具有挑战性的，这主要是由于两个原因：（1）由于客户端请求传播的高延迟开销而导致的低吞吐量，以及（2）导致共识协议失去活性的网络拥塞。在本文中，我们提出了Mandator和Sporades，一个模块化的状态机复制算法，使高性能和弹性的广域设置。为了解决高客户端请求传播开销的挑战，我们提出了Mandator，一个新的共识不可知的异步传播层。Mandator将客户端请求传播与共识的关键路线分离，以获得高性能。将Mandator与Multi-Paxos（Mandator-Paxos）组合在一起，可在同步网络下提供显著的高吞吐量。然而，在异步网络条件下，Mandator-Paxos会失去活性，导致高延迟。为了实现低延迟和鲁棒性下的冗余，我们提出了Sporades，一种新的遗漏容错共识算法。Sporades由两种操作模式组成--同步和异步--它们始终确保活动性。Mandator和Sporades的组合（Mandator-Sporades）提供了一个健壮且高性能的状态机复制系统。我们在Amazon EC2上运行的广域部署中实施并评估了Mandator-Sporades。我们的评估表明，在同步执行中，Mandator-Sporades在不到900 ms的延迟内实现了300 k tx/sec的吞吐量，在吞吐量上超过Multi-Paxos，EPaxos和Rabia 650%，延迟较小。此外，我们表明，在面对有针对性的分布式拒绝服务攻击时，Mandator-Sporades的性能优于Mandator-Paxos，Multi-Paxos和EPaxos。
英文摘要：
Consensus algorithms are deployed in the wide area to achieve high availability for geographically replicated applications. Wide-area consensus is challenging due to two main reasons: (1) low throughput due to the high latency overhead of client request dissemination and (2) network asynchrony that causes consensus protocols to lose liveness. In this paper, we propose Mandator and Sporades, a modular state machine replication algorithm that enables high performance and resiliency in the wide-area setting. To address the high client request dissemination overhead challenge, we propose Mandator, a novel consensus-agnostic asynchronous dissemination layer. Mandator separates client request dissemination from the critical path of consensus to obtain high performance. Composing Mandator with Multi-Paxos (Mandator-Paxos) delivers significantly high throughput under synchronous networks. However, under asynchronous network conditions, Mandator-Paxos loses liveness which results in high latency. To achieve low latency and robustness under asynchrony, we propose Sporades, a novel omission fault-tolerant consensus algorithm. Sporades consists of two modes of operations -- synchronous and asynchronous -- that always ensure liveness. The combination of Mandator and Sporades (Mandator-Sporades) provides a robust and high-performing state machine replication system. We implement and evaluate Mandator-Sporades in a wide-area deployment running on Amazon EC2. Our evaluation shows that in the synchronous execution, Mandator-Sporades achieves 300k tx/sec throughput in less than 900ms latency, outperforming Multi-Paxos, EPaxos and Rabia by 650\% in throughput, at a modest expense of latency. Furthermore, we show that Mandator-Sporades outperforms Mandator-Paxos, Multi-Paxos, and EPaxos in the face of targeted distributed denial-of-service attacks.
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