从0.01到13 TeV的p+p，p+Pb和Pb+Pb碰撞中运动学，整体可观测量，能量和熵密度的标度
Scaling of kinematical, global observables, energy and entropy densities in p+p, p+Pb and Pb+Pb collisions from 0.01 to 13 TeV
摘要：
在不同种类的碰撞系统中产生的带电粒子和已识别粒子的多重性和平均横向动量是用于表征能量范围很广的事件的全局可观测量的一个例子。研究这些可观测量提供了对集体现象和几何标度性质的见解，在超相对论性p-Pb，Pb-Pb，甚至在p-p碰撞中创建的系统。这项工作的第一部分提出了一个研究这些变量使用不同的蒙特卡罗事件发生器。它分析了它们在0.01、0.9、2.76、7和13 TeV处发现集体现象的灵敏度，发现随着能量的降低，描述不太令人满意。第二部分分析了从CMS和ALICE实验中得到的p-p、p-Pb和Pb-Pb数据中带电强子的平均横动量随多重数的变化。通过与蒙特卡罗事件发生器的比较，我们寻找了一种可能的平均横向动量与重叠横向碰撞面积成比例的比例关系。此外，实验数据被用来计算物理量，如能量和熵密度的Bjorken方法。结果进行了比较，从EPOS和PYTHIA蒙特卡罗事件发生器的预测。我们观察到一个很好的协议，<pT>从p-p，但不为物理观测值，在一个小范围内的突然上升<pT>类似于格点量子色动力学结果的$ε/T^4$作为温度的函数，但是，只有从p-p的实验数据显示出一种饱和。
英文摘要：
The multiplicity and average transverse momentum of the charged and identified particles produced in different kinds of colliding systems are an example of global observables used to characterize events over a wide range of energy. Studying these observables provides insights into the collective phenomena and the geometric scaling properties of the systems created in ultra-relativistic p-Pb, Pb-Pb, and even in p-p collisions. The first part of this work presents a study of these variables using different Monte Carlo event generators. It analyzes their sensitivity to find collective phenomena at 0.01, 0.9, 2.76, 7, and 13 TeV, finding a less satisfactory description as the energy decreases. The second part analyzes the average transverse momentum of charged hadrons as a function of the multiplicity for p-p, p-Pb, and Pb-Pb data from the CMS and ALICE experiments. Comparing with Monte Carlo event generators, we look for a possible scaling law of average transverse momentum scaled to the overlap transverse collision area. Additionally, the experimental data are used to compute thermodynamical quantities such as the energy and entropy densities in the Bjorken approach. The results are compared with predictions from EPOS and PYTHIA Monte Carlo event generators. We observe an excellent agreement for <pT> from p-p but not for thermodynamical observables, where a sudden rise in a small <pT> range resembles the lattice QCD results for the $ε/T^4$ as a function of the temperature; however, only the experimental data from p-p show a kind of saturation.
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