Rubin Observatory LSST Transients and Variable Stars Roadmap
Kelly M. Hambleton, Federica B. Bianco, Rachel Street, Keaton Bell, David Buckley, Melissa Graham, Nina Hernitschek, Michael B. Lund, Elena Mason, Joshua Pepper… 展开作者
Kelly M. Hambleton, Federica B. Bianco, Rachel Street, Keaton Bell, David Buckley, Melissa Graham, Nina Hernitschek, Michael B. Lund, Elena Mason, Joshua Pepper, Andrej Prsa, Markus Rabus, Claudia M. Raiteri, Robert Szabo, Paula Szkody, Igor Andreoni, Simone Antoniucci, Barbara Balmaverde, Eric Bellm, Rosaria Bonito, Giuseppe Bono, Maria Teresa Botticella, Enzo Brocato, Katja Bucar Bricman, Enrico Cappellaro, Maria Isabel Carnerero, Ryan Chornock, Riley Clarke, Phil Cowperthwaite, Antonino Cucchiara, Filippo D'Ammando, Kristen C. Dage, Massimo Dall'Ora, James R. A. Davenport, Domitilla de Martino, Giulia de Somma, Marcella Di Criscienzo, Rosanne Di Stefano, Maria Drout, Michele Fabrizio, Giuliana Fiorentino, Poshak Gandhi, Alessia Garofalo, Teresa Giannini, Andreja Gomboc, Laura Greggio, Patrick Hartigan, Markus Hundertmark, Elizabeth Johnson, Michael Johnson, Tomislav Jurkic, Somayeh Khakpash, Silvio Leccia, Xiaolong Li, Davide Magurno, Konstantin Malanchev, Marcella Marconi, Raffaella Margutti, Silvia Marinoni, Nicolas Mauron, Roberto Molinaro, Anais Moller, Marc Moniez, Tatiana Muraveva, Ilaria Musella, Chow-Choong Ngeow, Andrea Pastorello, Vincenzo Petrecca, Silvia Piranomonte, Fabio Ragosta, Andrea Reguitti, Chiara Righi, Vincenzo Ripepi, Liliana Rivera Sandoval, Keivan G. Stassun, Michael Stroh, Giacomo Terreran, Virginia Trimble, Yiannis Tsapras, Sjoert van Velzen, Laura Venuti, Jorick S. Vink
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202 pages (in book format) 34 figures plus chapter heading figures (13)
The Vera C. Rubin Legacy Survey of Space and Time holds the potential to revolutionize time domain astrophysics, reaching completely unexplored areas of the Universe and mapping variability time scales from minutes to a decade. To prepare to maximize the potential of the Rubin LSST data for the exploration of the transient and variable Universe, one of the four pillars of Rubin LSST science, the Transient and Variable Stars Science Collaboration, one of the eight Rubin LSST Science Collaborations, has identified research areas of interest and requirements, and paths to enable them. While our roadmap is ever-evolving, this document represents a snapshot of our plans and preparatory work in the final years and months leading up to the survey's first light.
Vera C. Rubin Observatory, through the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), will allow us to derive a panchromatic view of variability in young stellar objects (YSOs) across all relevant timescales. Indeed, both short-term variability (on timescales of hours to days) and long-term variability (months to years), predominantly driven by the dynamics of accretion processes in disk-hosting YSOs, can be explored by taking advantage of the multi-band filters option available in Rubin LSST, in particular the $u,g,r,i$ filters that enable us to discriminate between photospheric stellar properties a…
A complete map of the youngest stellar populations of the Milky Way in the era of all-sky surveys, is one of the most challenging goals in modern astrophysics. The characterisation of the youngest stellar component is crucial not only for a global overview of the Milky Way structure, of the Galactic thin disk, and its spiral arms, but also for local studies. In fact, the identification of the star forming regions (SFRs) and the comparison with the environment in which they form are also fundamental to put them in the context of the surrounding giant molecular clouds and to understand still unk…
The Legacy Survey of Space and Time, operated by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, is a 10-year astronomical survey due to start operations in 2022 that will image half the sky every three nights. LSST will produce ~20TB of raw data per night which will be calibrated and analyzed in almost real time. Given the volume of LSST data, the traditional subset-download-process paradigm of data reprocessing faces significant challenges. We describe here, the first steps towards a gateway for astronomical science that would enable astronomers to analyze images and catalogs at scale. In this first step we …
With their emission mainly coming from a relativistic jet pointing towards us, blazars are fundamental sources to study extragalactic jets and their central engines, consisting of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) fed by accretion discs. They are also candidate sources of high-energy neutrinos and cosmic rays. Because of the jet orientation, the non-thermal blazar emission is Doppler beamed; its variability is unpredictable and occurs on time-scales from less than one hour to years. The comprehension of the diverse mechanisms producing the flux and spectral changes requires well-sampled multiba…
Vera C. Rubin Observatory will be a key facility for small body science in planetary astronomy over the next decade. It will carry out the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), observing the sky repeatedly in u, g, r, i, z, and y over the course of ten years using a 6.5 m effective diameter telescope with a 9.6 square degree field of view, reaching approximately r = 24.5 mag (5-σ depth) per visit. The resulting dataset will provide extraordinary opportunities for both discovery and characterization of large numbers (10--100 times more than currently known) of small solar system bodies, furth…
Perhaps the most exciting promise of the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) is its capability to discover phenomena never before seen or predicted from theory: true astrophysical novelties, but the ability of LSST to make these discoveries will depend on the survey strategy. Evaluating candidate strategies for true novelties is a challenge both practically and conceptually: unlike traditional astrophysical tracers like supernovae or exoplanets, for anomalous objects the template signal is by definition unknown. We present our approach to solve this problem, by assessing s…
We report studies on the mitigation of optical effects of bright low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites on Vera C. Rubin Observatory and its Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). These include options for pointing the telescope to avoid satellites, laboratory investigations of bright trails on the Rubin Observatory LSST camera sensors, algorithms for correcting image artifacts caused by bright trails, experiments on darkening SpaceX Starlink satellites, and ground-based follow-up observations. The original Starlink v0.9 satellites are g ~ 4.5 mag, and the initial experiment "DarkSat" is g ~ 6.1 ma…
Scalable and Robust Multiband Modeling of AGN Light Curves in Rubin-LSST
Bishop’s University（主教大学）；Yale University（耶鲁大学）；Universidad Diego Portales（迭戈·波特莱斯大学）；Wayne State University（韦恩州立大学）；Universidad de Tarapacá（塔拉帕卡大学）；University of Napoli “Federico II（那不勒斯费德里科二世大学）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte（意大利国家天体物理研究所卡波迪蒙特天文台）；Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS)（天体物理学千年研究所）
The presence of fringing in astronomical CCD images will impact photometric quality and measurements. Yet its impact on the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) has not been fully studied. We present a detailed study on fringing for Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) already implemented on the Rubin Observatory LSST Camera's focal plane. After making physical measurements and knowing the compositions, we have developed a model for the e2v CCDs. We present a method to fit for the internal height variation of the epoxy layer within the sensors based on fringing measureme…
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory will advance many areas of astronomy over the next decade with its unique wide-fast-deep multi-color imaging survey, the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). The LSST will produce approximately 20TB of raw data per night, which will be automatically processed by the LSST Science Pipelines to generate science-ready data products -- processed images, catalogs and alerts. To ensure that these data products enable transformative science with LSST, stringent requirements have been placed on their quality and scientific fidelity, for example on image quality and dept…
We have adapted the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) Science Pipelines to process data from the Gravitational-Wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO) prototype. In this paper, we describe how we used the Rubin Observatory LSST Science Pipelines to conduct forced photometry measurements on nightly GOTO data. By comparing the photometry measurements of sources taken on multiple nights, we find that the precision of our photometry is typically better than 20~mmag for sources brighter than 16 mag. We also compare our photometry measurements against colour-corrected P…
We investigate a novel satellite avoidance strategy to mitigate the impact of large commercial satellite constellations in low-Earth orbit on the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). We simulate the orbits of currently planned Starlink and OneWeb constellations ($\sim$40,000 satellites) to test how effectively an upgraded Rubin scheduler algorithm can avoid them, and assess how the overall survey is affected. Given a reasonably accurate satellite orbit forecast, we find it is possible to adjust the scheduler algorithm to effectively avoid some satellites. Overall, …
The past few decades have seen the burgeoning of wide field, high cadence surveys, the most formidable of which will be the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) to be conducted by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. So new is the field of systematic time-domain survey astronomy, however, that major scientific insights will continue to be obtained using smaller, more flexible systems than the LSST. One such example is the Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO), whose primary science objective is the optical follow-up of Gravitational Wave events. The amount and rate of data productio…
Predictions of Transiting Exoplanet Confirmations from Rubin LSST Surveys
School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学地球与太空探索学院）；Penn State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Universidad Andres Bello（安德烈斯贝略大学）；Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México（墨西哥国立自治大学）；University of Belgrade（贝尔格莱德大学）
Early Telescope Throughput Results from the Collimated Beam Projector at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory
Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP)（巴黎-萨克雷大学粒子物理实验室）；NSF’s NOIRLab（美国国家光学红外天文实验室）；SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（斯坦福直线加速器中心）；Laboratoire Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab)（伊雷娜·约里奥-居里实验室）；Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology (KIPAC)（卡弗里粒子天体物理与宇宙学研究所）；Department of Physics, Harvard University（哈佛大学物理系）
The commissioning team for the Vera C. Rubin observatory is planning a set of engineering and science verification observations with the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) commissioning camera and then the Rubin Observatory LSST Camera. The time frame for these observations is not yet fixed, and the commissioning team will have flexibility in selecting fields to observe. In this document, the Dark Energy Science Collaboration (DESC) Commissioning Working Group presents a prioritized list of target fields appropriate for testing various aspects of DESC-relevant science performance, grouped …
We investigate the possibility that a statistical detection of the galaxy parallax shift due to the Earth's motion with respect to the CMB frame (cosmic secular parallax) could be made by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) or by the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (NGRST), and used to measure the Hubble constant. We make mock galaxy surveys which extend to redshift z=0.06 from a large N-body simulation, and include astrometric errors from the LSST and NGRST science requirements, redshift errors and peculiar velocities. We include spectroscopic redshifts for …
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory will increase the number of observed supernovae (SNe) by an order of magnitude; however, it is impossible to spectroscopically confirm the class for all the SNe discovered. Thus, photometric classification is crucial but its accuracy depends on the not-yet-finalized observing strategy of Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). We quantitatively analyze the impact of the LSST observing strategy on SNe classification using simulated multi-band light curves from the Photometric LSST Astronomical Time-Series Classification Challenge (PLAsTiCC). Fir…
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) dataset will dramatically alter our understanding of the Universe, from the origins of the Solar System to the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Much of this research will depend on the existence of robust, tested, and scalable algorithms, software, and services. Identifying and developing such tools ahead of time has the potential to significantly accelerate the delivery of early science from LSST. Developing these collaboratively, and making them broadly available, can enable more inclusive and equitable collaboration …
We present and validate 20 deg$^2$ of overlapping synthetic imaging surveys representing the full depth of the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope High-Latitude Imaging Survey (HLIS) and five years of observations of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). The two synthetic surveys are summarized, with reference to the existing 300 deg$^2$ of LSST simulated imaging produced as part of Dark Energy Science Collaboration (DESC) Data Challenge 2 (DC2). Both synthetic surveys observe the same simulated DESC DC2 universe. For the synthetic Roman survey, we simulate for th…
Many scientific investigations of photometric galaxy surveys require redshift estimates, whose uncertainty properties are best encapsulated by photometric redshift (photo-z) posterior probability density functions (PDFs). A plethora of photo-z PDF estimation methodologies abound, producing discrepant results with no consensus on a preferred approach. We present the results of a comprehensive experiment comparing twelve photo-z algorithms applied to mock data produced for The Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) Dark Energy Science Collaboration (DESC). By supplying perfect …
Predicting the Spectroscopic Features of Galaxies by Applying Manifold Learning on Their Broad-Band Colors: Proof of Concept and Potential Applications for Euclid, Roman, and Rubin LSST
We describe the simulated sky survey underlying the second data challenge (DC2) carried out in preparation for analysis of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) by the LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration (LSST DESC). Significant connections across multiple science domains will be a hallmark of LSST; the DC2 program represents a unique modeling effort that stresses this interconnectivity in a way that has not been attempted before. This effort encompasses a full end-to-end approach: starting from a large N-body simulation, through setting up LSST-like observati…
Redshift Assessment Infrastructure Layers (RAIL): Rubin-era photometric redshift stress-testing and at-scale production
Ruhr University Bochum（鲁尔大学波鸿）；SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（斯坦福直线加速器中心）；Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (KIPAC), Stanford University（卡弗里粒子天体物理与宇宙学研究所，斯坦福大学）；Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, LPCA（克莱蒙奥弗涅大学，法国国家科学研究中心，LPCA）；McWilliams Center for Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University（梅斯威尔宇宙学与天体物理中心，卡内基梅隆大学物理系）
RAIL 是一个开源 Python 库，用于大规模概率光度红移估计，提供模块化工具进行端到端压力测试和红移 PDF 估算，适用于多种科学目标。
Mechanical Studies of an Additional Light Baffle for the LSST Camera
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（SLAC国家加速器实验室）；INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio（意大利天体物理学与空间科学国家研究所）；Vera C. Rubin Observatory（薇拉·C·鲁宾天文台）；Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory（费米国家加速器实验室）；Department of Physics and Astronomy (DIFA), University of Bologna（博洛尼亚大学物理与天文学系）；Department of Physics, University of Chicago（芝加哥大学物理系）；Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（SLAC国家加速器实验室卡弗里粒子天体物理与宇宙学研究所）；Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) du CNRS（法国国家核物理与粒子物理研究所）；Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie（巴黎西岱大学）
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) has the potential to measure parallaxes for thousands of nearby ultracool dwarfs, enabling improved measurements of the brown dwarf luminosity function. We develop a simple model to estimate the number of L dwarfs and T dwarfs with parallaxes with signal-to-noise ratio greater than ten in the baseline LSST survey. High quality astrometry imposes scheduling constraints. We assess different possible observing strategies using quantitative metrics and make recommendations as part of the LSST community input process. We find th…
Upcoming surveys such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will detect up to 10 million time-varying sources in the sky every night for ten years. This information will be transmitted in a continuous stream to brokers that will select the most promising events for a variety of science cases using machine learning algorithms. We study the benefits and challenges of Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs) for this type of classification tasks. BNNs are found to be accurate classifiers which also provide additional information: they quantify the classification uncertain…
Dark energy reconstruction analysis with artificial neural networks: Application on simulated Supernova Ia data from Rubin Observatory
National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校国家超级计算应用中心）；University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；Kazakh-British Technical University（哈萨克-英国技术大学）；Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México（墨西哥国立自治大学物理科学研究所）；University of Geneva（日内瓦大学）；University of Thessaly（塞萨利大学）
Development of a Retrieval-Augmented Generation Virtual Assistant for Enhanced Information Discovery at Rubin Observatory
NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory / NSF NOIRLab（美国国家科学基金会-能源部薇拉·C·鲁宾天文台 / 美国国家光学红外天文研究实验室）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；D4D CONSULTING LTD.（D4D咨询有限公司）；Swinburne University of Technology（斯威本科技大学）；Australian Astronomical Optics, Macquarie University（澳大利亚天文光学，麦考瑞大学）；Department of Astronomy, Center for Astrophysics, Harvard University（哈佛大学天文学系，天体物理中心）；Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian（哈佛-史密森尼天体物理中心）；Department of Physics, Harvard University（哈佛大学物理系）
