The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, Fog computing, mobile edge computing and wireless grids has resulted in the widespread deployment of relatively immature technology. These technologies, which will primarily use 5G wireless communication networks, are becoming popular because they can be deployed quickly with little infrastructure and lends themselves to environments utilizing numerous internet connected devices (ICD). Because of the threat of exploitation, these networks have to be protected by a robust security architecture due to these technologies being plagued with security problems. The authentication of smart ICDs to IoT networks is a critical mechanism for achieving security on these new information system platforms. This article identifies an authentication process required for these ICDs, which will need to prove their identity to authenticate to an IoT fog-mobile edge computing (FMEC) cloud network through a wireless grid authentication process. The purpose of this article is to hypothesize a generic authentication methodology for these FMEC clouds uses in an IoT architecture. The proposed methodology, called wg-IoT, must include the integration of Fog computing, wireless grids and mobile edge computing clouds to create this new IoT architecture. An authentication process developed from the resource sharing protocol (RSP) from a wireless grid is first developed and proposed for the authentication of ICDs. The wireless grid core components must be embedded in IoT devices or sensors depending on their capability to handle five primary functions: management of identification [ID] and presence, permissions management, data transferability, application-programming interface [API] and security.
The few resources available on devices restricted in Internet of Things are an important issue when we think about security. In this perspective, our work proposes a agile systematic review literature on works involving the Internet of Things, authentication, and Fog Computing. As a result, related works, opportunities, and challenges found at these areas' intersections were brought, supporting other researchers and developers who work in these areas.
Multi-Access Edge computing (MEC) and Fog computing provide services to subscribers at low latency. There is a need to form a federation among 3GPP MEC and fog to provide better coverage to 3GPP subscribers. This federation gives rise to two issues - third-party authentication and application mobility - for continuous service during handover from 3GPP MEC to fog without re-authentication. In this paper, we propose: 1) a proxy-based state transfer and third-party authentication (PS3A) that uses a transparent proxy to transfer the authentication and application state information, and 2) a token-…
Fog computing is an emerging computing paradigm that has come into consideration for the deployment of IoT applications amongst researchers and technology industries over the last few years. Fog is highly distributed and consists of a wide number of autonomous end devices, which contribute to the processing. However, the variety of devices offered across different users are not audited. Hence, the security of Fog devices is a major concern in the Fog computing environment. Furthermore, mitigating and preventing those security measures is a research issue. Therefore, to provide the necessary se…
With the increasing development of advanced communication technologies, vehicles are becoming smarter and more connected. Due to the tremendous growth of various vehicular applications, a huge amount of data is generated through advanced on-board devices and is deemed critical to improve driving safety and enhance vehicular services. However, cloud based models often fall short in applications where latency and mobility are critical. In order to fully realize the potential of vehicular networks, the challenges of efficient communication and computation need to be addressed. In this direction, …
Smart city architecture brings all the underlying architectures, i.e., Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), Internet of Cyber-Physical Things (IoCPT), and Internet of Everything (IoE), together to work as a system under its umbrella. The goal of smart city architecture is to come up with a solution that may integrate all the real-time response applications. However, the cyber-physical space poses threats that can jeopardize the working of a smart city where all the data belonging to people, systems, and processes will be at risk. Various architectures based on centralized a…
Group oriented applications are getting more and more popular in mobile Internet and call for secure and efficient secret sharing (SS) scheme to meet their requirements. A $(t,n)$ threshold SS scheme divides a secret into $n$ shares such that any $t$ or more than $t$ shares can recover the secret while less than $t$ shares cannot. However, an adversary, even without a valid share, may obtain the secret by impersonating a shareholder to recover the secret with $t$ or more legal shareholders. Therefore, this paper uses linear code to propose a threshold changeable secret sharing (TCSS) scheme, i…
The rapid development of personal health records (PHR) systems enables an individual to collect, create, store and share his PHR to authorized entities. Health care systems within the smart city environment require a patient to share his PRH data with a multitude of institutions' repositories located in the cloud. The cloud computing paradigm cannot meet such a massive transformative healthcare systems due to drawbacks including network latency, scalability and bandwidth. Fog computing relieves the burden of conventional cloud computing by availing intermediate fog nodes between the end users …
With the rapid development of MANET, secure and practical authentication is becoming increasingly important. The existing works perform the research from two aspects, i.e., (a)secure key division and distributed storage, (b)secure distributed authentication. But there still exist several unsolved problems. Specifically, it may suffer from cheating problems and fault authentication attack, which can result in authentication failure and DoS attack towards authentication service. Besides, most existing schemes are not with satisfactory efficiency due to exponential arithmetic based on Shamir's sc…
In an open network environment, privacy of group communication and integrity of the communication data are the two major issues related to secured information exchange. The required level of security may be achieved by authenticating a group key in the communication channel, where contribution from each group member becomes a part of the overall group key. In the current work, we have developed an authentication system through Central Administrative Server (CAS) for automatic integration and validation of the group key. For secured group communication, the CAS generates a secret alphanumeric g…
Information from surveillance video is essential for situational awareness (SAW). Nowadays, a prohibitively large amount of surveillance data is being generated continuously by ubiquitously distributed video sensors. It is very challenging to immediately identify the objects of interest or zoom in suspicious actions from thousands of video frames. Making the big data indexable is critical to tackle this problem. It is ideal to generate pattern indexes in a real-time, on-site manner on the video streaming instead of depending on the batch processing at the cloud centers. The modern edge-fog-clo…
Fog computing is a paradigm for distributed computing that enables sharing of resources such as computing, storage and network services. Unlike cloud computing, fog computing platforms primarily support {\em non-functional properties} such as location awareness, mobility and reduced latency. This emerging paradigm has many potential applications in domains such as smart grids, smart cities, and transport management. Most of these domains collect and monitor personal information through edge devices to offer personalized services. A {\em centralized} server either at the level of cloud or fog, …
We present a practical methodology for securing the password-based authentication scheme. We propose a solution based on the well-known (k,n) threshold scheme of Shamir for sharing a secret, where in our case the secret is the password itself and (k,n) threshold scheme means that n password-derived secrets (shares) are created and k less than n shares are necessary and sufficient for reconstructing the password, while k-1 are not sufficient. The scheme is information-theoretic secure. Since each of the n shares is stored on a different host (shareholder), an attacker will need to compromise k …
For conventional secret sharing, if cheaters can submit possibly forged shares after observing shares of the honest users in the reconstruction phase then they cannot only disturb the protocol but also only they may reconstruct the true secret. To overcome the problem, secret sharing scheme with properties of cheater-identification have been proposed. Existing protocols for cheater-identifiable secret sharing assumed non-rushing cheaters or honest majority. In this paper, we remove both conditions simultaneously, and give its universal construction from any secret sharing scheme. To resolve th…
As IoT becomes omnipresent vast amounts of data are generated, which can be used for building innovative applications. However,interoperability issues and security concerns, prevent harvesting the full potentials of these data. In this paper we consider the use case of data generated by smart buildings. Buildings are becoming ever "smarter" by integrating IoT devices that improve comfort through sensing and automation. However, these devices and their data are usually siloed in specific applications or manufacturers, even though they can be valuable for various interested stakeholders who prov…
In this paper, we show a "direct" equivalence between certain authentication codes and robust secret sharing schemes. It was previously known that authentication codes and robust secret sharing schemes are closely related to similar types of designs, but direct equivalences had not been considered in the literature. Our new equivalences motivate the consideration of a certain "key-substitution attack." We study this attack and analyze it in the setting of "dual authentication codes." We also show how this viewpoint provides a nice way to prove properties and generalizations of some known const…
The Internet of Thing (IoT) has been a hot topic in both research community and industry. It is anticipated that in future IoT, an enormous number of sensors will collect the physical information every moment to enable the control center making better decisions to improve the quality of service (QoS). However, the sensors maybe faulty and thus generate inaccurate data which would compromise the decision making. To guarantee the QoS, the system should be able to detect faulty sensors so as to eliminate the damages of inaccurate data. Various faulty sensor detection mechanisms have been develope…
FL-DABE-BC: A Privacy-Enhanced, Decentralized Authentication, and Secure Communication for Federated Learning Framework with Decentralized Attribute-Based Encryption and Blockchain for IoT Scenarios
Current advancements in mobility of devices and also Internet of Things (IoT) have replaced the central networks by distributed infrastructure. The more a network is distributed, the more the security of infrastructure and the communication is getting complex. The members in a distributed network create different groups according to their coverage area or their requirements. Mobility nature of the members brings a problem called hand-over of members between groups. Current authentication methods are not applicable due to the lack of resources in the devices.A lightweight authentication method …
Dynaswap project reports on developing a coherently integrated and trustworthy holistic secure workflow protection architecture for cyberinfrastructures which can be used on virtual machines deployed through cyberinfrastructure (CI) services such as JetStream. This service creates a user-friendly cloud environment designed to give researchers access to interactive computing and data analysis resources on demand. The Dynaswap cybersecurity architecture supports roles, role hierarchies, and data hierarchies, as well as dynamic changes of roles and hierarchical relations within the scientific inf…
Continuous Behavioral Authentication via Multi-Expert BERT Log Analysis for Secure Data Sharing
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, Greece（希腊塞萨洛尼基大学电气与计算机工程系）；Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, CERTH, Greece（希腊研究中心与技术 Hellas 研究中心）
Numerous resource-limited smart objects (SOs) such as sensors and actuators have been widely deployed in smart environments, opening new attack surfaces to intruders. The severe security flaw discourages the adoption of the Internet of things in smart living. In this paper, we leverage fog computing and microservice to push certificate authority (CA) functions to the proximity of data sources. Through which, we can minimize attack surfaces and authentication latency, and result in a fast and scalable scheme in authenticating a large volume of resource-limited devices. Then, we design lightweig…
Industrial IoT (IIoT) aims to enhance services provided by various industries such as manufacturing and product processing. IIoT suffers from various challenges and security is one of the key challenge among those challenges. Authentication and access control are two notable challenges for any Industrial IoT (IIoT) based industrial deployment. Any IoT based Industry 4.0 enterprise designs networks between hundreds of tiny devices such as sensors, actuators, fog devices and gateways. Thus, articulating a secure authentication protocol between sensing devices or a sensing device and user devices…
Authentication and authorization are two key elements of a software application. In modern day, OAuth 2.0 framework and OpenID Connect protocol are widely adopted standards fulfilling these requirements. These protocols are implemented into authorization servers. It is common to call these authorization servers as identity servers or identity providers since they hold user identity information. Applications registered to an identity provider can use OpenID Connect to retrieve ID token for authentication. Access token obtained along with ID token allows the application to consume OAuth 2.0 prot…
Automatic service discovery is essential to realizing the full potential of the Internet of Things (IoT). While discovery protocols like Multicast DNS, Apple AirDrop, and Bluetooth Low Energy have gained widespread adoption across both IoT and mobile devices, most of these protocols do not offer any form of privacy control for the service, and often leak sensitive information such as service type, device hostname, device owner's identity, and more in the clear. To address the need for better privacy in both the IoT and the mobile landscape, we develop two protocols for private service discover…
The rapid deployment of wireless technologies has given rise to the current situation where mobile phones and other wireless devices have become essential elements in all types of activities, including in the home. In particular, smartphones and laptops are used for wirelessly sharing photos and documents, playing games, browsing websites, and viewing multimedia, for example. This work describes a proposal for both desktop and mobile applications that use Identity-Based Cryptography (IBC) to protect communications between smart wireless devices in the home. It combines the use of IBC for Wi-Fi…
Authenticating a node in mobile ad-hoc networks is a challenging task due to their dynamic and resource constraint infrastructure. For this purpose, MANETS adopt two kinds of approaches Public key cryptography and identity-based cryptography. In Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), Certificate Authority (CA) is responsible for key management. In order to adapt it to MANET, the job of the CA must be distributed. The master secret key is shared among the nodes of the MANET, to self-organize the network without a central authority.The key is shared based on Shamir secret sharing scheme with bivariate…
Mobile applications are widely used for online services sharing a large amount of personal data online. One-time authentication techniques such as passwords and physiological biometrics (e.g., fingerprint, face, and iris) have their own advantages but also disadvantages since they can be stolen or emulated, and do not prevent access to the underlying device, once it is unlocked. To address these challenges, complementary authentication systems based on behavioural biometrics have emerged. The goal is to continuously profile users based on their interaction with the mobile device. However, exis…
Crowdsourcing plays an essential role in the Internet of Things (IoT) for data collection, where a group of workers is equipped with Internet-connected geolocated devices to collect sensor data for marketing or research purpose. In this paper, we consider crowdsourcing these worker's hot travel path. Each worker is required to report his real-time location information, which is sensitive and has to be protected. Encryption-based methods are the most direct way to protect the location, but not suitable for resource-limited devices. Besides, local differential privacy is a strong privacy concept…
We introduce a simple, practical approach with probabilistic information-theoretic security to solve one of quantum key distribution's major security weaknesses: the requirement of an authenticated classical channel to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks. Our scheme employs classical secret sharing and partially trusted intermediaries to provide arbitrarily high confidence in the security of the protocol. Although certain failures elude detection, we discuss preemptive strategies to reduce the probability of failure to an arbitrarily small level: probability of such failures is exponentially sup…
Network coding provides the advantage of maximizing the usage of network resources, and has great application prospects in future network communications. However, the properties of network coding also make the pollution attack more serious. In this paper, we give an unconditional secure authentication scheme for network coding based on a linear code $C$. Safavi-Naini and Wang gave an authentication code for multi-receivers and multiple messages. We notice that the scheme of Safavi-Naini and Wang is essentially constructed with Reed-Solomon codes. And we modify their construction slightly to ma…
This paper presents a multi-platform, open-source application that aims to protect data stored and shared in existing cloud storage services. The access to the cryptographic material used to protect data is implemented using the identification and authentication functionalities of national electronic identity (eID) tokens. All peer to peer dialogs to exchange cryptographic material is implemented using the cloud storage facilities. Furthermore, we have included a set of mechanisms to prevent files from being permanently lost or damaged due to concurrent modification, deletion and malicious tam…
In many Industry Internet of Things (IIoT) applications, resources like CPU, memory, and battery power are limited and cannot afford the classic cryptographic security solutions. Silicon Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is a lightweight security primitive that exploits manufacturing variations during the chip fabrication process for key generation and/or device authentication. However, traditional weak PUFs such as Ring Oscillator (RO) PUF generate chip-unique key for each device, which restricts their application in security protocols where the same key is required to be shared in resource-…
Drone security is currently a major topic of discussion among researchers and industrialists. Although there are multiple applications of drones, if the security challenges are not anticipated and required architectural changes are not made, the upcoming drone applications will not be able to serve their actual purpose. Therefore, in this paper, we present a detailed review of the security-critical drone applications, and security-related challenges in drone communication such as DoS attacks, Man-in-the-middle attacks, De-Authentication attacks, and so on. Furthermore, as part of solution arch…
As ATM applications deploy for a banking system, the need to secure communications will become critical. However, multicast protocols do not fit the point-to-point model of most network security protocols which were designed with unicast communications in mind. In recent years, we have seen the emergence and the growing of ATMs (Automatic Teller Machines) in banking systems. Many banks are extending their activity and increasing transactions by using ATMs. ATM will allow them to reach more customers in a cost effective way and to make their transactions fast and efficient. However, communicati…
The cloud computing platform gives people the opportunity for sharing resources, services and information among the people of the whole world. In private cloud system, information is shared among the persons who are in that cloud. For this, security or personal information hiding process hampers. In this paper we have proposed new security architecture for cloud computing platform. This ensures secure communication system and hiding information from others. AES based file encryption system and asynchronous key system for exchanging information or data is included in this model. This structure …
Recent advances in Socially Aware Networks (SANs) have allowed its use in many domains, out of which social Internet of vehicles (SIOV) is of prime importance. SANs can provide a promising routing and forwarding paradigm for SIOV by using interest-based communication. Though able to improve the forwarding performance, existing interest-based schemes fail to consider the important issue of protecting users' interest information. In this paper, we propose a PRivacy-preserving Interest-based Forwarding scheme (PRIF) for SIOV, which not only protects the interest information, but also improves the…
Quantum information is a valuable resource which can be encrypted in order to protect it. We consider the size of the one-time pad that is needed to protect quantum information in a number of cases. The situation is dramatically different from the classical case: we prove that one can recycle the one-time pad without compromising security. The protocol for recycling relies on detecting whether eavesdropping has occurred, and further relies on the fact that information contained in the encrypted quantum state cannot be fully accessed. We prove the security of recycling rates when authentication…
Authentication is a well-studied area of classical cryptography: a sender S and a receiver R sharing a classical private key want to exchange a classical message with the guarantee that the message has not been modified by any third party with control of the communication line. In this paper we define and investigate the authentication of messages composed of quantum states. Assuming S and R have access to an insecure quantum channel and share a private, classical random key, we provide a non-interactive scheme that enables S both to encrypt and to authenticate (with unconditional security) an…
The healthcare industry has witnessed significant transformations in e-health services where Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are transferred to mobile edge clouds to facilitate healthcare. Many edge cloud-based system designs have been proposed, but some technical challenges still remain, such as low quality of services (QoS), data privacy and system security due to centralized healthcare architectures. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid approach of data offloading and data sharing for healthcare using edge cloud and blockchain. First, an efficient data offloading scheme is proposed whe…
Distributed storage plays an essential role in realizing robust and secure data storage in a network over long periods of time. A distributed storage system consists of a data owner machine, multiple storage servers and channels to link them. In such a system, secret sharing scheme is widely adopted, in which secret data are split into multiple pieces and stored in each server. To reconstruct them, the data owner should gather plural pieces. Shamir's (k, n)-threshold scheme, in which the data are split into n pieces (shares) for storage and at least k pieces of them must be gathered for recons…
In today's connected world, resource constrained devices are deployed for sensing and decision making applications, ranging from smart cities to environmental monitoring. Those recourse constrained devices are connected to create real-time distributed networks popularly known as the Internet of Things (IoT), fog computing and edge computing. The blockchain is gaining a lot of interest in these domains to secure the system by ignoring centralized dependencies, where proof-of-work (PoW) plays a vital role to make the whole security solution decentralized. Due to the resource limitations of the d…
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) opens up a challenging research area towards improving secure data sharing which currently has several limitations. Primarily, the lack of inbuilt guarantees of honest behavior of participating, such as end-users or cloud behaving maliciously may result in disputes. Given such challenges, we propose a fair, accountable, and secure data sharing scheme, $\textit{FairShare}$ for IIoT. In this scheme, data collected from IoT devices are processed and stored in cloud servers with intermediate fog nodes facilitating computation. Authorized clients can access this…
