用可拆卸超导磁体训练和升级托卡马克发电厂
Training and Upgrading Tokamak Power Plants with Remountable Superconducting Magnets
摘要：
所有产生12 T以上磁场的高场超导体都是脆性的。尽管如此，它们可能会成为商业托卡马克的首选材料，因为托卡马克中的聚变功率密度与磁场的四次方成比例。在这里，我们建议使用强大的，韧性超导体在反应堆调试阶段，以避免脆性磁铁故障，同时正在建立操作安全裕度。在这里，我们使用PROCESS系统代码为发展战略提供信息，并提供详细的资本成本最小化的托卡马克发电厂设计。我们建议建立一个“示范”托卡马克与电功率输出为100 MWe，等离子体聚变增益Qplasma = 17，净增益Qnet = 1.3，电力成本（COE）的1148美元（2021美元）每兆瓦时（在75%的可用性）和高温超导运行TF磁铁产生5.4 T的轴上和12.5 T的峰值磁场。它使用Nb-Ti训练磁铁，成本约为97.5亿美元（2021年美国）。一个500 MWe的电站的COE为每MW 608美元，这表明大型托卡马克可能最终主导商业市场。我们考虑了一系列针对资本成本进行优化的设计（因为所考虑的反应堆是中试工厂），包括100 MWe和500 MWe工厂，每种磁体都有两种方法：培训和升级。通过培训磁铁，该工厂对REBCO TF磁铁进行了成本优化。对于100 MWe电厂，Nb-Ti训练磁体通常在环向场线圈上产生与REBCO磁体相比70%的峰值磁场，在中心螺线管上产生65%的峰值磁场，并且成本约为100 MW。机器总成本的10%。原则上，训练磁体可以重复用于例如10个后续（商业）机器中的每一个，因此1%仅带来边际额外成本。
英文摘要：
All high field superconductors producing magnetic fields above 12 T are brittle. Nevertheless, they will probably be the materials of choice in commercial tokamaks because the fusion power density in a tokamak scales as the fourth power of magnetic field. Here we propose using robust, ductile superconductors during the reactor commissioning phase in order to avoid brittle magnet failure while operational safety margins are being established. Here we use the PROCESS systems code to inform development strategy and to provide detailed capital-cost-minimised tokamak power plant designs. We propose building a 'demonstrator' tokamak with an electric power output of 100 MWe, a plasma fusion gain Qplasma = 17, a net gain Qnet = 1.3, a cost of electricity (COE) of \$ 1148 (2021 US) per MWh (at 75 % availability) and high temperature superconducting operational TF magnets producing 5.4 T on-axis and 12.5 T peak-field. It uses Nb-Ti training magnets and will cost about \$ 9.75 Bn (2021 US). An equivalent 500 MWe plant has a COE of \$ 608 per MW suggesting that large tokamaks may eventually dominate the commercial market. We consider a range of designs optimised for capital cost (as the reactors considered are pilot plants) consisting of both 100 MWe and 500 MWe plants with each of two approaches for the magnets: training and upgrading. With training magnets, the plant is cost-optimised for REBCO TF magnets. For a 100 MWe plant, the Nb-Ti training magnets typically produce 70 % peak field on the toroidal field coils compared to REBCO magnets, 65 % peak field on the central solenoid and cost approx. 10 % of the total machine cost. Training magnets could in principle be reused for each of say 10 subsequent (commercial) machines and hence at 1 % bring only marginal additional cost.
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