通过耗散实现时空有序的可调非平衡相变
Tunable Non-equilibrium Phase Transitions between Spatial and Temporal Order through Dissipation
摘要：
我们提出了一个实验与驱动量子气体耦合到耗散光学腔，实现了一种新的远离平衡相变之间的空间和时间顺序。跃迁的控制参数是驱动频率和腔谐振之间的失谐。当失谐量为负时，系统呈现空间有序相，而当失谐量为正时，系统呈现空间有序相和持续振荡相，我们称之为耗散时空晶格。我们给出了这种超辐射相变的数值和分析证据，并表明时空晶格起源于腔耗散。在这两种情况下，原子都受到加速传输的影响，要么通过均匀加速，要么通过突然跃迁到更高的动量态。我们的工作为物质的时间阶段提供了观点，这些阶段在平衡状态下是不可能的。
英文摘要：
We propose an experiment with a driven quantum gas coupled to a dissipative optical cavity that realizes a novel kind of far-from-equilibrium phase transition between spatial and temporal order. The control parameter of the transition is the detuning between the drive frequency and the cavity resonance. For negative detunings, the system features a spatially ordered phase, while positive detunings lead to a phase with both spatial order and persistent oscillations, which we call dissipative spatio-temporal lattice. We give numerical and analytical evidence for this superradiant phase transition and show that the spatio-temporal lattice originates from cavity dissipation. In both regimes the atoms are subject to an accelerated transport, either via a uniform acceleration or via abrupt transitions to higher momentum states. Our work provides perspectives for temporal phases of matter that are not possible at equilibrium.
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