Cross-modal image-recipe retrieval has gained significant attention in recent years. Most work focuses on improving cross-modal embeddings using unimodal encoders, that allow for efficient retrieval in large-scale databases, leaving aside cross-attention between modalities which is more computationally expensive. We propose a new retrieval framework, T-Food (Transformer Decoders with MultiModal Regularization for Cross-Modal Food Retrieval) that exploits the interaction between modalities in a novel regularization scheme, while using only unimodal encoders at test time for efficient retrieval. We also capture the intra-dependencies between recipe entities with a dedicated recipe encoder, and propose new variants of triplet losses with dynamic margins that adapt to the difficulty of the task. Finally, we leverage the power of the recent Vision and Language Pretraining (VLP) models such as CLIP for the image encoder. Our approach outperforms existing approaches by a large margin on the Recipe1M dataset. Specifically, we achieve absolute improvements of 8.1 % (72.6 R@1) and +10.9 % (44.6 R@1) on the 1k and 10k test sets respectively. The code is available here:https://github.com/mshukor/TFood
Samsung AI Center, Cambridge（三星剑桥人工智能中心）；Rutgers University（罗格斯大学）
Despite the abundance of multi-modal data, such as image-text pairs, there has been little effort in understanding the individual entities and their different roles in the construction of these data instances. In this work, we endeavour to discover the entities and their corresponding importance in cooking recipes automaticall} as a visual-linguistic association problem. More specifically, we introduce a novel cross-modal learning framework to jointly model the latent representations of images and text in the food image-recipe association and retrieval tasks. This model allows one to discover …
Singapore Management University（新加坡管理大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Salesforce Research Asia（Salesforce亚洲研究院）
Food retrieval is an important task to perform analysis of food-related information, where we are interested in retrieving relevant information about the queried food item such as ingredients, cooking instructions, etc. In this paper, we investigate cross-modal retrieval between food images and cooking recipes. The goal is to learn an embedding of images and recipes in a common feature space, such that the corresponding image-recipe embeddings lie close to one another. Two major challenges in addressing this problem are 1) large intra-variance and small inter-variance across cross-modal food d…
Singapore Management University（新加坡管理大学）；Salesforce Research Asia（Salesforce亚洲研究院）
Food computing is playing an increasingly important role in human daily life, and has found tremendous applications in guiding human behavior towards smart food consumption and healthy lifestyle. An important task under the food-computing umbrella is retrieval, which is particularly helpful for health related applications, where we are interested in retrieving important information about food (e.g., ingredients, nutrition, etc.). In this paper, we investigate an open research task of cross-modal retrieval between cooking recipes and food images, and propose a novel framework Adversarial Cross-…
Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU（哈马德·本·哈利法大学卡塔尔计算研究所）；Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya（加泰罗尼亚理工大学）
In this paper, we introduce Recipe1M+, a new large-scale, structured corpus of over one million cooking recipes and 13 million food images. As the largest publicly available collection of recipe data, Recipe1M+ affords the ability to train high-capacity modelson aligned, multimodal data. Using these data, we train a neural network to learn a joint embedding of recipes and images that yields impressive results on an image-recipe retrieval task. Moreover, we demonstrate that regularization via the addition of a high-level classification objective both improves retrieval performance to rival that…
Food is significant to human daily life. In this paper, we are interested in learning structural representations for lengthy recipes, that can benefit the recipe generation and food cross-modal retrieval tasks. Different from the common vision-language data, here the food images contain mixed ingredients and target recipes are lengthy paragraphs, where we do not have annotations on structure information. To address the above limitations, we propose a novel method to unsupervisedly learn the sentence-level tree structures for the cooking recipes. Our approach brings together several novel ideas…
Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）；Wuhan University of Technology（武汉理工大学）
This paper presents a three-tier modality alignment approach to learning text-image joint embedding, coined as JEMA, for cross-modal retrieval of cooking recipes and food images. The first tier improves recipe text embedding by optimizing the LSTM networks with term extraction and ranking enhanced sequence patterns, and optimizes the image embedding by combining the ResNeXt-101 image encoder with the category embedding using wideResNet-50 with word2vec. The second tier modality alignment optimizes the textual-visual joint embedding loss function using a double batch-hard triplet loss with soft…
RoDE: Linear Rectified Mixture of Diverse Experts for Food Large Multi-Modal Models
School of Computer Science, Fudan University（复旦大学计算机科学技术学院）；School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University（新加坡管理大学计算与信息系统学院）
Computational food analysis (CFA) naturally requires multi-modal evidence of a particular food, e.g., images, recipe text, etc. A key to making CFA possible is multi-modal shared representation learning, which aims to create a joint representation of the multiple views (text and image) of the data. In this work we propose a method for food domain cross-modal shared representation learning that preserves the vast semantic richness present in the food data. Our proposed method employs an effective transformer-based multilingual recipe encoder coupled with a traditional image embedding architectu…
Vision-Language Pretraining (VLP) and Foundation models have been the go-to recipe for achieving SoTA performance on general benchmarks. However, leveraging these powerful techniques for more complex vision-language tasks, such as cooking applications, with more structured input data, is still little investigated. In this work, we propose to leverage these techniques for structured-text based computational cuisine tasks. Our strategy, dubbed VLPCook, first transforms existing image-text pairs to image and structured-text pairs. This allows to pretrain our VLPCook model using VLP objectives ada…
Multi-Modal Zero-Shot Prediction of Color Trajectories in Food Drying
Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA（机械科学与工程系，伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA（机械工程系，密歇根大学安娜堡分校）
Rutgers University（罗格斯大学）；Samsung AI Center（三星人工智能中心）
Increased awareness of the impact of food consumption on health and lifestyle today has given rise to novel data-driven food analysis systems. Although these systems may recognize the ingredients, a detailed analysis of their amounts in the meal, which is paramount for estimating the correct nutrition, is usually ignored. In this paper, we study the novel and challenging problem of predicting the relative amount of each ingredient from a food image. We propose PITA, the Picture-to-Amount deep learning architecture to solve the problem. More specifically, we predict the ingredient amounts using…
Cross-modal recipe retrieval has recently gained substantial attention due to the importance of food in people's lives, as well as the availability of vast amounts of digital cooking recipes and food images to train machine learning models. In this work, we revisit existing approaches for cross-modal recipe retrieval and propose a simplified end-to-end model based on well established and high performing encoders for text and images. We introduce a hierarchical recipe Transformer which attentively encodes individual recipe components (titles, ingredients and instructions). Further, we propose a…
Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Singapore Management University（新加坡管理大学）；Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Institute of Frontier Technologies（阿里巴巴-浙江大学前沿技术联合研究院）
Nowadays, driven by the increasing concern on diet and health, food computing has attracted enormous attention from both industry and research community. One of the most popular research topics in this domain is Food Retrieval, due to its profound influence on health-oriented applications. In this paper, we focus on the task of cross-modal retrieval between food images and cooking recipes. We present Modality-Consistent Embedding Network (MCEN) that learns modality-invariant representations by projecting images and texts to the same embedding space. To capture the latent alignments between mod…
Federated Modality-specific Encoders and Partially Personalized Fusion Decoder for Multimodal Brain Tumor Segmentation
National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine（国家医学数据科学研究院）；Department of Computer Science at School of Informatics（信息学院计算机科学系）；Jarvis Research Center（Jarvis研究中心）；Medical Artificial Intelligence Lab（医学人工智能实验室）
RGB-thermal salient object detection (SOD) aims to segment the common prominent regions of visible image and corresponding thermal infrared image that we call it RGBT SOD. Existing methods don't fully explore and exploit the potentials of complementarity of different modalities and multi-type cues of image contents, which play a vital role in achieving accurate results. In this paper, we propose a multi-interactive dual-decoder to mine and model the multi-type interactions for accurate RGBT SOD. In specific, we first encode two modalities into multi-level multi-modal feature representations. T…
Beyond Images: Adaptive Fusion of Visual and Textual Data for Food Classification
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, India（Motilal Nehru国立技术学院Allahabad分校）；Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, India（印度理工学院Ropar分校）
MIT CSAIL（麻省理工学院计算机科学与人工智能实验室）；DTU Compute（丹麦技术大学计算学院）；Nestle（雀巢公司）；Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU（哈马德·本·哈利法大学卡塔尔计算研究所）
In this paper, we are interested in modeling a how-to instructional procedure, such as a cooking recipe, with a meaningful and rich high-level representation. Specifically, we propose to represent cooking recipes and food images as cooking programs. Programs provide a structured representation of the task, capturing cooking semantics and sequential relationships of actions in the form of a graph. This allows them to be easily manipulated by users and executed by agents. To this end, we build a model that is trained to learn a joint embedding between recipes and food images via self-supervision…
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；National Engineering Laboratory for Speech and Language Information Processing（国家语音与语言信息处理工程实验室）
In this paper, we propose a novel stroke constrained attention network (SCAN) which treats stroke as the basic unit for encoder-decoder based online handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER). Unlike previous methods which use trace points or image pixels as basic units, SCAN makes full use of stroke-level information for better alignment and representation. The proposed SCAN can be adopted in both single-modal (online or offline) and multi-modal HMER. For single-modal HMER, SCAN first employs a CNN-GRU encoder to extract point-level features from input traces in online mode and em…
We propose a new deep learning method for tumour segmentation when dealing with missing imaging modalities. Instead of producing one network for each possible subset of observed modalities or using arithmetic operations to combine feature maps, our hetero-modal variational 3D encoder-decoder independently embeds all observed modalities into a shared latent representation. Missing data and tumour segmentation can be then generated from this embedding. In our scenario, the input is a random subset of modalities. We demonstrate that the optimisation problem can be seen as a mixture sampling. In a…
Multi-Modal Fusion of In-Situ Video Data and Process Parameters for Online Forecasting of Cookie Drying Readiness
Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校机械科学与工程系）；Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan（密歇根大学机械工程系）
Beijing Jiaotong University（北京交通大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）
Focusing on the issue of how to effectively capture and utilize cross-modality information in RGB-D salient object detection (SOD) task, we present a convolutional neural network (CNN) model, named CIR-Net, based on the novel cross-modality interaction and refinement. For the cross-modality interaction, 1) a progressive attention guided integration unit is proposed to sufficiently integrate RGB-D feature representations in the encoder stage, and 2) a convergence aggregation structure is proposed, which flows the RGB and depth decoding features into the corresponding RGB-D decoding streams via …
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）
In this paper, we propose an Omni-perception Pre-Trainer (OPT) for cross-modal understanding and generation, by jointly modeling visual, text and audio resources. OPT is constructed in an encoder-decoder framework, including three single-modal encoders to generate token-based embeddings for each modality, a cross-modal encoder to encode the correlations among the three modalities, and two cross-modal decoders to generate text and image respectively. For the OPT's pre-training, we design a multi-task pretext learning scheme to model multi-modal resources from three different data granularities,…
Singapore Management University（新加坡管理大学）；Beijing Jiaotong University（北京交通大学）；Salesforce Research Asia（亚洲 Salesforce 研究院）
Food image segmentation is a critical and indispensible task for developing health-related applications such as estimating food calories and nutrients. Existing food image segmentation models are underperforming due to two reasons: (1) there is a lack of high quality food image datasets with fine-grained ingredient labels and pixel-wise location masks -- the existing datasets either carry coarse ingredient labels or are small in size; and (2) the complex appearance of food makes it difficult to localize and recognize ingredients in food images, e.g., the ingredients may overlap one another in …
This paper addresses the problem of inferring unseen cross-modal image-to-image translations between multiple modalities. We assume that only some of the pairwise translations have been seen (i.e. trained) and infer the remaining unseen translations (where training pairs are not available). We propose mix and match networks, an approach where multiple encoders and decoders are aligned in such a way that the desired translation can be obtained by simply cascading the source encoder and the target decoder, even when they have not interacted during the training stage (i.e. unseen). The main chall…
Tel Aviv University（特拉维夫大学）；Facebook AI Research (FAIR)（Facebook AI研究院）
Transformers are increasingly dominating multi-modal reasoning tasks, such as visual question answering, achieving state-of-the-art results thanks to their ability to contextualize information using the self-attention and co-attention mechanisms. These attention modules also play a role in other computer vision tasks including object detection and image segmentation. Unlike Transformers that only use self-attention, Transformers with co-attention require to consider multiple attention maps in parallel in order to highlight the information that is relevant to the prediction in the model's input…
MS-DETR: Multispectral Pedestrian Detection Transformer with Loosely Coupled Fusion and Modality-Balanced Optimization
School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学计算机学院）；Research Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen（西北工业大学深圳研究院）
CoMiX: Cross-Modal Fusion with Deformable Convolutions for HSI-X Semantic Segmentation
International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University（南京大学国际地球系统科学学院）；Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院空天信息创新研究院）；University of Trento（特伦托大学）
Samsung AI Center Cambridge（三星剑桥人工智能中心）；Rutgers University（罗格斯大学）
We deal with the problem of learning the underlying disentangled latent factors that are shared between the paired bi-modal data in cross-modal retrieval. Our assumption is that the data in both modalities are complex, structured, and high dimensional (e.g., image and text), for which the conventional deep auto-encoding latent variable models such as the Variational Autoencoder (VAE) often suffer from difficulty of accurate decoder training or realistic synthesis. A suboptimally trained decoder can potentially harm the model's capability of identifying the true factors. In this paper we propos…
Cross-modal hashing facilitates mapping of heterogeneous multimedia data into a common Hamming space, which can beutilized for fast and flexible retrieval across different modalities. In this paper, we propose a novel cross-modal hashingarchitecture-deep neural decoder cross-modal hashing (DNDCMH), which uses a binary vector specifying the presence of certainfacial attributes as an input query to retrieve relevant face images from a database. The DNDCMH network consists of two separatecomponents: an attribute-based deep cross-modal hashing (ADCMH) module, which uses a margin (m)-based loss fun…
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Sichuan University（四川大学）
RGB-D salient object detection (SOD) recently has attracted increasing research interest and many deep learning methods based on encoder-decoder architectures have emerged. However, most existing RGB-D SOD models conduct feature fusion either in the single encoder or the decoder stage, which hardly guarantees sufficient cross-modal fusion ability. In this paper, we make the first attempt in addressing RGB-D SOD through 3D convolutional neural networks. The proposed model, named RD3D, aims at pre-fusion in the encoder stage and in-depth fusion in the decoder stage to effectively promote the ful…
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）；University of Calgary（卡尔加里大学）
The fusion of images taken by heterogeneous sensors helps to enrich the information and improve the quality of imaging. In this article, we present a hybrid model consisting of a convolutional encoder and a Transformer-based decoder to fuse multimodal images. In the encoder, a non-local cross-modal attention block is proposed to capture both local and global dependencies of multiple source images. A branch fusion module is designed to adaptively fuse the features of the two branches. We embed a Transformer module with linear complexity in the decoder to enhance the reconstruction capability of…
Referring image segmentation is a typical multi-modal task, which aims at generating a binary mask for referent described in given language expressions. Prior arts adopt a bimodal solution, taking images and languages as two modalities within an encoder-fusion-decoder pipeline. However, this pipeline is sub-optimal for the target task for two reasons. First, they only fuse high-level features produced by uni-modal encoders separately, which hinders sufficient cross-modal learning. Second, the uni-modal encoders are pre-trained independently, which brings inconsistency between pre-trained uni-m…
Computer Vision Center, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona（巴塞罗那自治大学计算机视觉中心）
We address the problem of image translation between domains or modalities for which no direct paired data is available (i.e. zero-pair translation). We propose mix and match networks, based on multiple encoders and decoders aligned in such a way that other encoder-decoder pairs can be composed at test time to perform unseen image translation tasks between domains or modalities for which explicit paired samples were not seen during training. We study the impact of autoencoders, side information and losses in improving the alignment and transferability of trained pairwise translation models to u…
JD AI Research（京东人工智能研究院）；Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）
Despite having impressive vision-language (VL) pretraining with BERT-based encoder for VL understanding, the pretraining of a universal encoder-decoder for both VL understanding and generation remains challenging. The difficulty originates from the inherently different peculiarities of the two disciplines, e.g., VL understanding tasks capitalize on the unrestricted message passing across modalities, while generation tasks only employ visual-to-textual message passing. In this paper, we start with a two-stream decoupled design of encoder-decoder structure, in which two decoupled cross-modal enc…
