球对称膨胀源中的强子超临界性：在伽马射线暴瞬时辐射中的应用
Hadronic supercriticality in spherically expanding sources: application to GRB prompt emission
AI总结：
本研究首次探讨了绝热膨胀源中的强子超临界性（HSC），发现不同膨胀速度会产生多脉冲或单脉冲光变曲线，其能谱由源内电磁级联主导，且MeV峰值的HSC爆发可作为丰富的中微子源，该机制有望通过IceCube-Gen2望远镜验证。
摘要：
相对论性强子等离子体在特定条件下可进入超临界状态，通过光子爆发突然而高效地释放储存在质子中的能量。以往的研究试图将这种强子超临界性（HSC）的特征与伽马射线暴（GRB）瞬时辐射的现象学联系起来。在本研究中，我们首次探讨了绝热膨胀源中的HSC。我们检验了触发HSC所需的条件，研究了膨胀速度的作用，并结合GRB瞬时辐射讨论了我们的结果。我们发现，缓慢膨胀区域（$u_{\rm exp}\lesssim 0.01 c$）产生的多脉冲光变曲线是HSC自然准周期性的体现，而在更高膨胀速度下则出现具有快升慢降特点的单脉冲光变曲线。光子谱的形成由源内电磁级联主导。假设喷流Lorentz因子为100，当最大质子能量为$\sim 1-10$ PeV（$1-10$ EeV）时，峰值光子能量为$\sim 1$ MeV（$\sim 1$ GeV）。峰值$\gamma$射线光度在$10^{49}-10^{52}$ erg s$^{-1}$范围内，其中MeV峰谱的光度比GeV峰的同类谱高出约$\sim 100-300$倍。在MeV波段达到峰值的HSC爆发也是丰富的$\sim 10$ TeV中微子发射体，其全味中微子通量约为$\gamma$射线通量的$\sim 10\\%$。典型长持续时间GRB由HSC驱动的假设，可在不久的将来通过像IceCube-Gen2这样更灵敏的中微子望远镜进行检验。
英文摘要：
Relativistic hadronic plasmas can become under certain conditions supercritical, abruptly and efficiently releasing the energy stored in protons through photon outbursts. Past studies have tried to relate the features of such hadronic supercriticalities (HSC) to the phenomenology of Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) prompt emission. In this work we investigate, for the first time, HSC in adiabatically expanding sources. We examine the conditions required to trigger HSC, study the role of expansion velocity, and discuss our results in relation to GRB prompt emission. We find multi-pulse light curves from slowly expanding regions ($u_{\rm exp}\lesssim 0.01 c)$ that are a manifestation of the natural HSC quasi-periodicity, while single-pulse light curves with a fast rise and slow decay are found for higher velocities. The formation of the photon spectrum is governed by an in-source electromagnetic cascade. The peak photon energy is $\sim 1$ MeV ($\sim 1$ GeV) for maximum proton energies $\sim 1-10$ PeV ($1-10$ EeV) assuming a jet Lorentz factor 100. Peak $γ$-ray luminosities are in the range $10^{49}-10^{52}$ erg s$^{-1}$, with the MeV-peaked spectra being $\sim 100-300$ times more luminous than their GeV-peaked analogues. HSC bursts peaking in the MeV are also copious $\sim 10$ TeV neutrino emitters, with an all-flavour fluence $\sim 10\%$ of the $γ$-ray one. The hypothesis that typical long-duration GRBs are powered by HSC could be tested in the near future with more sensitive neutrino telescopes like IceCube-Gen2.
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