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arXiv 2204.04449gr-qc
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利用引力波进行参数估计

Parameter estimation with gravitational waves

Nelson Christensen, Renate Meyer

摘要:

引力波天文学的新时代真正开始于2015年9月14日,GW 150914的探测,这是两个高级LIGO探测器首次直接观测到两个黑洞的螺旋和合并产生的引力波。在随后的LIGO/Virgo网络的前三次观测中,来自$\sim 50$紧凑双星合并的引力波已经公布,更多的结果即将到来。这些事件大多是由双黑洞产生的,但迄今为止已经观察到两个双中子星合并,以及两个中子星-黑洞系统的合并。此外,由核心坍缩超新星、超新星和随机引力波背景发射的引力波都在LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA的敏感波段内,很可能在未来的观测运行中被观测到。除了信号检测,一个主要的挑战是统计和计算方法的发展,估计物理波形参数和量化其不确定性,以准确地识别发射系统。这些方法依赖于所使用的引力波的源和引力波形模型。本文回顾了主要的波形模型和参数估计方法,用于提取物理参数从引力波信号检测到的日期由LIGO和Virgo和那些预计将被观察到的未来,其中将包括KAGRA,以及这些方法如何接口与LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA科学的各个方面。还介绍了LIGO和Virgo使用的统计方法,以估计探测器噪声,测试广义相对论,并得出有关宇宙中致密双星合并率的结论。此外,还对目前主要的引力波参数估算软件包进行了总结。

英文摘要:

The new era of gravitational wave astronomy truly began on September 14, 2015 with the detection of GW150914, the sensational first direct observation of gravitational waves from the inspiral and merger of two black holes by the two Advanced LIGO detectors. In the subsequent first three observing runs of the LIGO/Virgo network, gravitational waves from $\sim 50$ compact binary mergers have been announced, with more results to come. The events have mostly been produced by binary black holes, but two binary neutron star mergers have so far been observed, as well as the mergers of two neutron star - black hole systems. Furthermore, gravitational waves emitted by core-collapse supernovae, pulsars and the stochastic gravitational wave background are within the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA sensitivity band and are likely to be observed in future observation runs. Beyond signal detection, a major challenge has been the development of statistical and computational methodology for estimating the physical waveform parameters and quantifying their uncertainties in order to accurately characterise the emitting system. These methods depend on the sources of the gravitational waves and the gravitational waveform model that is used. This article reviews the main waveform models and parameter estimation methods used to extract physical parameters from gravitational wave signals detected to date by LIGO and Virgo and from those expected to be observed in the future, which will include KAGRA, and how these methods interface with various aspects of LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA science. Also presented are the statistical methods used by LIGO and Virgo to estimate detector noise, test general relativity, and draw conclusions about the rates of compact binary mergers in the universe. Furthermore, a summary of major publicly available gravitational wave parameter estimation software packages is given.

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