过去三年：恒星质量双星黑洞的多波段引力波观测
The last three years: multiband gravitational-wave observations of stellar-mass binary black holes
摘要：
理解LIGO和Virgo发现的恒星质量双星黑洞的形成和演化是一项挑战，涉及天体物理学的许多领域，从恒星演化、动力学和吸积盘到可能的奇异早期宇宙过程。在它们生命的最后几年，恒星质量双星辐射出引力波，这些引力波首先被空间探测器（如LISA）观测到，然后被地面仪器（如LIGO，Virgo和下一代天文台宇宙探测器和爱因斯坦望远镜）观测到。使用最先进的波形模型和基于地面和空间观测的参数估计管道，我们表明，（预期的少数）这些多波段观测将允许至少对描述双星的所有17个参数进行100级测量，可能识别可能的宿主星系，以及提前几天对合并的预警，使多波长望远镜能够搜索与之相关的任何电磁信号。因此，多波段源将成为天体物理学的金矿，但我们也表明，它们作为广义相对论基本检验的实验室可能不如以前所建议的那么有用。
英文摘要：
Understanding the formation and evolution of the stellar-mass binary black holes discovered by LIGO and Virgo is a challenge that spans many areas of astrophysics, from stellar evolution, dynamics and accretion disks, to possible exotic early universe processes. Over the final years of their lives, stellar-mass binaries radiate gravitational waves that are first observable by space-based detectors (such as LISA) and then ground-based instruments (such as LIGO, Virgo and the next generation observatories Cosmic Explorer and the Einstein Telescope). Using state-of-the-art waveform models and parameter-estimation pipelines for both ground- and space-based observations, we show that (the expected handful of) these multiband observations will allow at least percent-level measurements of all 17 parameters that describe the binary, the possible identification of a likely host galaxy, and the forewarning of the merger days in advance allowing telescopes at multiple wavelengths to search for any electromagnetic signature associated to it. Multiband sources will therefore be a gold mine for astrophysics, but we also show that they could be less useful as laboratories for fundamental tests of general relativity than has been previously suggested.
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