阻塞态中的集体激发：超快缺陷传播和有限尺寸标度
Collective excitations in jammed states: ultrafast defect propagation and finite-size scaling
摘要：
在拥挤的系统中，粒子流可以通过传播集体激发来介导，集体激励是作为罕见事件产生的，是局部的并且具有有限的寿命。识别复杂的多粒子过渡态、计算它们的自由能以及评估传播机制和速度的问题阻碍了对这种激发的理论描述。在这里，我们表明，这些问题可以解决一个高度拥挤的硬球系统在周期性的潜力。我们推导出产生率的集体激发，他们的异常高的速度，解释了发生一个明显的干扰过渡和它的强烈依赖于系统的大小。粒子电流遵循比例行为，其中对于小系统，电流与生成速率成比例，对于大系统，电流由生成速率和速度的几何平均值给出。我们的理论方法是广泛适用于密集的非平衡系统在受限的几何形状。这为实验研究集体激发动力学提供了新的视角。
英文摘要：
In crowded systems, particle currents can be mediated by propagating collective excitations which are generated as rare events, are localized and have a finite lifetime. The theoretical description of such excitations is hampered by the problem of identifying complex many-particle transition states, calculation of their free energies, and the evaluation of propagation mechanisms and velocities. Here we show that these problems can be tackled for a highly jammed system of hard spheres in a periodic potential. We derive generation rates of collective excitations, their anomalously high velocities, explain the occurrence of an apparent jamming transition and its strong dependence on the system size. The particle currents follow a scaling behavior, where for small systems the current is proportional to the generation rate and for large systems given by the geometric mean of the generation rate and velocity. Our theoretical approach is widely applicable to dense nonequilibrium systems in confined geometries. It provides new perspectives for studying dynamics of collective excitations in experiments.
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