We present an optical/near-IR survey of 11 variable young stars (EXors and EXor candidates) aimed at deriving and monitoring their accretion properties. About 30 optical and near-infrared spectra ($\Re$ $\sim$ 1500-2000) were collected between 2014-2019 with the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). From the spectral analysis we have derived the accretion luminosity and mass accretion rate, the visual extinction, the temperature and density of the permitted line formation region, and the signature of the outflowing matter.
Two sources (ASASSN-13db and iPTF15afq) have been observed in outburst and quiescence, three during a high-level of brightness (XZ Tau, PV Cep, and NY Ori), and the others in quiescence. These latter have accretion luminosity and mass accretion rates in line with the values measured in classical T Tauri stars of similar mass. All sources observed more than once present accretion variability. The most extreme case is ASASSN-13db, for which the mass accretion rate decreases by two orders of magnitude from the outburst peak in 2015 to quiescence in 2017. Also, in NY Ori the accretion luminosity decreases by a factor 25 in one year. In 80% of the sample we detect the [OI]630 nm line, a tracer of mass loss. From the variability of the H$α$/[OI]630, ratio, we conclude that mass accretion variations are larger than mass loss variations. From the analysis of the HI recombination lines a correlation is suggested between the density of the line formation region and the level of accretion activity of the source.
Cold CO gas in the disk of the young eruptive star EX Lup
EX Lupi型天体(EXors)是金牛T型恒星的一个子类,定义为在光学波长上突然爆发1-5星等的耀斑。这些爆发是由于从星周盘到恒星的质量吸积增强,可能构成塑造内盘结构和形成行星系统的重要事件。虽然磁盘属性必须在驱动爆发中发挥重要作用,但令人惊讶的是,人们对它们知之甚少。为了表征EXor盘的尘埃和气体成分,本文报道了EXor类的原型EX Lup中的$^{12}$ CO J=3-2和4-3线以及$^{13}$ CO 3-2线的观测结果。我们用线辐射转移模型再现了观测到的线通量和轮廓,并将所得参数与其他金牛座T盘的相应参数进行了比较。
ALMA Observations of Young Eruptive Stars: continuum disk sizes and molecular outflows
我们介绍了阿塔卡马大型毫米/亚毫米阵列(ALMA)1.3毫米观测四个年轻的,爆发的星盘系统在0.4”的分辨率:两个FUOR(V582 Aur和V900 Mon),一个EXOR(UZ Tau E)和一个源与模糊的FU/EXOR分类(GM Cha)。GM Cha,V900 Mon和UZ Tau E周围的磁盘被解析。这些观察结果使在亚弧秒分辨率下观察到的FU/EXOR样本增加了15%。迄今为止,ALMA观测到的FU/EXors天体的盘大小和质量表明,FU或盘比猎户座的0/I类盘和狼疮的II类盘更大。相反,EXor盘似乎与这两个群体没有区别。当将FU/EXor样本与蛇夫座的I类和II类圆盘进行比较时,我们得出了类似的结论。双星系统周围的FUor盘比单星系统中的盘更致密,类似于非爆发的年轻盘。我们检测到一个广角流出周围GM车在$^{12}$ CO排放,比典型的I类对象更广泛,更类似于周围发现的一些FUor对象。我们使用辐射转移模型来拟合UZ Tau E周围经过充分研究的圆盘的连续谱和线数据。线数据很好地描述了一个开普勒磁盘,没有流出活动的证据(类似于其他EXOR)。在FUors而不是EXors中检测到广角流出支持当前的图片,其中FUors更有可能代表原恒星阶段(I类)的吸积爆发,而EXors是原行星阶段(II类)的较小吸积事件。
Radial velocity variations in the young eruptive star EX Lup
EX Lup型天体(EXors)是低质量的前主序星,其特征是由于高度增强的盘吸积而爆发。EXor爆发的触发机制仍然存在争议。一种理论认为,一个紧密的(亚)恒星伴星扰动了内部的圆盘,触发了爆发的开始。在这里,我们研究的径向速度(RV)的变化,EX Lup,EXors的原型。我们用HARPS和FEROS进行了一项为期5年的RV调查。我们通过检查平分线和几个其他活性指标来分析EX Lup的活性。我们用光度监测补充了RV数据,以寻找活动或不同吸积的特征。我们发现EX Lup的RV是周期性的,在至少四年的观测中具有稳定的周期、半振幅和相位。在任何活动指标中都没有这一时期。然而,窄金属发射线的RV表明相同的周期,但具有反关联相位。观测到的吸收线RVs可以用开普勒解来拟合,该解是围绕0.6 M太阳的中心恒星,M2 sin i =(14.7 +/- 0.7)M Jup,偏心率e = 0.24。或者,我们也试图用冷/热恒星点来模拟观测,但是再现RV半振幅所需的点参数与光度变化相矛盾,使得点场景不太可能。我们讨论了两种可能性来解释RV数据:一个几何形状与两个吸积柱旋转的恒星,和一个单一的吸积流同步的轨道运动的假设同伴。在伴星的情况下,伴星的质量将落入棕矮星沙漠,这与异常小的分离一起将使EX Lup成为一个独特的双星系统,对触发爆发的物理机制产生有趣的影响。