量子直接原因与量子共同原因的有效区分及其实验验证
Efficient Distinction between Quantum Direct and Common Causes and its Experimental Verification
摘要：
识别两个统计相关事件之间的因果结构已经在许多科学领域得到了广泛的研究。虽然一些研究得很好的经典方法被仔细地推广到某些情况下的量子因果推理，但仍然缺乏一种有效和高效的方法来检测更一般的量子因果结构。在这里，我们引入了一个名为“因果决定子”的量来有效地识别两个量子系统之间的量子因果结构，并通过实验验证了该方法的有效性。根据因果行列式，任意幺正算符所加的量子直接因可以与量子公共因完美区分，在量子公共因中两个量子系统共享一个联合的量子态。此外，因果决定因素有能力区分更一般的因果结构，并预测其参数的范围。我们的方法检测更一般的量子因果结构的能力可以为量子因果推理领域带来新的启发。
英文摘要：
Identifying the causal structures between two statistically correlated events has been widely investigated in many fields of science. While some of the well-studied classical methods are carefully generalized to quantum version of causal inference for certain cases, an effective and efficient way to detect the more general quantum causal structures is still lacking. Here, we introduce a quantity named `Causal Determinant' to efficiently identify the quantum causal structures between two quantum systems and experimentally verify the validity of the method. According to the causal determinant, the quantum direct cause imposed by an arbitrary unitary operator can be perfectly discriminated with the quantum common cause, in which the two quantum systems share a joint quantum state. In addition, the causal determinant has the capability to discriminate between more general causal structures and predict the range of their parameters. The ability to detect more general quantum causal structures of our method can shed new light on the field of quantum causal inference.
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