While current methods for interactive Video Object Segmentation (iVOS) rely on scribble-based interactions to generate precise object masks, we propose a Click-based interactive Video Object Segmentation (CiVOS) framework to simplify the required user workload as much as possible. CiVOS builds on de-coupled modules reflecting user interaction and mask propagation. The interaction module converts click-based interactions into an object mask, which is then inferred to the remaining frames by the propagation module. Additional user interactions allow for a refinement of the object mask. The approach is extensively evaluated on the popular interactive~DAVIS dataset, but with an inevitable adaptation of scribble-based interactions with click-based counterparts. We consider several strategies for generating clicks during our evaluation to reflect various user inputs and adjust the DAVIS performance metric to perform a hardware-independent comparison. The presented CiVOS pipeline achieves competitive results, although requiring a lower user workload.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill（北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校）；United Imaging Intelligence（联影智能）
The goal of click-based interactive image segmentation is to obtain precise object segmentation masks with limited user interaction, i.e., by a minimal number of user clicks. Existing methods require users to provide all the clicks: by first inspecting the segmentation mask and then providing points on mislabeled regions, iteratively. We ask the question: can our model directly predict where to click, so as to further reduce the user interaction cost? To this end, we propose {\PseudoClick}, a generic framework that enables existing segmentation networks to propose candidate next clicks. These …
ClickSeg3D: Few-Click Interactive Segmentation via Semantic Embeddings
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学电子与电气工程学院）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology（代尔夫特理工大学建筑与环境学院）
In the interactive segmentation, users initially click on the target object to segment the main body and then provide corrections on mislabeled regions to iteratively refine the segmentation masks. Most existing methods transform these user-provided clicks into interaction maps and concatenate them with image as the input tensor. Typically, the interaction maps are determined by measuring the distance of each pixel to the clicked points, ignoring the relation between clicks and mislabeled regions. We propose a Dynamic Click Transform Network~(DCT-Net), consisting of Spatial-DCT and Feature-DCT…
Clore: Interactive Pathology Image Segmentation with Click-based Local Refinement
School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学计算机科学与技术学院）；School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学人工智能与数据科学学院）
Deep learning requires large amounts of training data to be effective. For the task of object segmentation, manually labeling data is very expensive, and hence interactive methods are needed. Following recent approaches, we develop an interactive object segmentation system which uses user input in the form of clicks as the input to a convolutional network. While previous methods use heuristic click sampling strategies to emulate user clicks during training, we propose a new iterative training strategy. During training, we iteratively add clicks based on the errors of the currently predicted se…
Institute of Computer Science II（计算机科学第二研究所）；University of Bonn, Germany（德国波恩大学）；School of Computing（计算机学院）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）
In current interactive instance segmentation works, the user is granted a free hand when providing clicks to segment an object; clicks are allowed on background pixels and other object instances far from the target object. This form of interaction is highly inconsistent with the end goal of efficiently isolating objects of interest. In our work, we propose a clicking scheme wherein user interactions are restricted to the proximity of the object. In addition, we propose a novel transformation of the user-provided clicks to generate a weak localization prior on the object which is consistent wit…
Beijing Jiaotong University（北京交通大学）；University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）
In this work, we focus on Interactive Human Parsing (IHP), which aims to segment a human image into multiple human body parts with guidance from users' interactions. This new task inherits the class-aware property of human parsing, which cannot be well solved by traditional interactive image segmentation approaches that are generally class-agnostic. To tackle this new task, we first exploit user clicks to identify different human parts in the given image. These clicks are subsequently transformed into semantic-aware localization maps, which are concatenated with the RGB image to form the input…
Interactive segmentation has recently attracted attention for specialized tasks where expert input is required to further enhance the segmentation performance. In this work, we propose a novel interactive segmentation framework, where user clicks are dynamically adapted in size based on the current segmentation mask. The clicked regions form a weight map and are fed to a deep neural network as a novel weighted loss function. To evaluate our loss function, an interactive U-Net (IU-Net) model which applies both foreground and background user clicks as the main method of interaction is employed. …
International Digital Economy Academy（国际数字经济研究院）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen（香港中文大学（深圳））；Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data（深圳大数据研究院）
University of Bonn（波恩大学）；Indian Institute of Technology Bombay（印度理工学院孟买分校）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）
Segmenting objects of interest in an image is an essential building block of applications such as photo-editing and image analysis. Under interactive settings, one should achieve good segmentations while minimizing user input. Current deep learning-based interactive segmentation approaches use early fusion and incorporate user cues at the image input layer. Since segmentation CNNs have many layers, early fusion may weaken the influence of user interactions on the final prediction results. As such, we propose a new multi-stage guidance framework for interactive segmentation. By incorporating us…
Interactive segmentation enables users to extract masks by providing simple annotations to indicate the target, such as boxes, clicks, or scribbles. Among these interaction formats, scribbles are the most flexible as they can be of arbitrary shapes and sizes. This enables scribbles to provide more indications of the target object. However, previous works mainly focus on click-based configuration, and the scribble-based setting is rarely explored. In this work, we attempt to formulate a standard protocol for scribble-based interactive segmentation. Basically, we design diversified strategies to…
Structured Click Control in Transformer-based Interactive Segmentation
Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen（香港中文大学（深圳）深圳市人工智能与机器人研究院）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Maxvision Technology Corp.（视辰科技有限公司）
Deep neural networks have become a mainstream approach to interactive segmentation. As we show in our experiments, while for some images a trained network provides accurate segmentation result with just a few clicks, for some unknown objects it cannot achieve satisfactory result even with a large amount of user input. Recently proposed backpropagating refinement (BRS) scheme introduces an optimization problem for interactive segmentation that results in significantly better performance for the hard cases. At the same time, BRS requires running forward and backward pass through a deep network s…
Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）；Tencent Jarvis Lab（腾讯天衍实验室）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）；Macau University of Science and Technology（澳门科技大学）
Click-based interactive segmentation (IS) aims to extract the target objects under user interaction. For this task, most of the current deep learning (DL)-based methods mainly follow the general pipelines of semantic segmentation. Albeit achieving promising performance, they do not fully and explicitly utilize and propagate the click information, inevitably leading to unsatisfactory segmentation results, even at clicked points. Against this issue, in this paper, we propose to formulate the IS task as a Gaussian process (GP)-based pixel-wise binary classification model on each image. To solve t…
A large-scale dataset is essential for learning good features in 3D shape understanding, but there are only a few datasets that can satisfy deep learning training. One of the major reasons is that current tools for annotating per-point semantic labels using polygons or scribbles are tedious and inefficient. To facilitate segmentation annotations in 3D shapes, we propose an effective annotation tool, named iSeg for 3D shape. It can obtain a satisfied segmentation result with minimal human clicks (< 10). Under our observation, most objects can be considered as the composition of finite primitive…
Deep learning-based interactive segmentation in remote sensing
National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校国家生态分析与综合中心）；University of Idaho（爱达荷大学）；Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University（福建农林大学）；Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校布伦环境科学与管理学院）
QIS : Interactive Segmentation via Quasi-Conformal Mappings
City University of Hong Kong（香港城市大学）；Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering（香港心脑血管健康工程中心）；Nankai University（南开大学）；Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill（北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校）
Click-based interactive image segmentation aims at extracting objects with a limited user clicking. A hierarchical backbone is the de-facto architecture for current methods. Recently, the plain, non-hierarchical Vision Transformer (ViT) has emerged as a competitive backbone for dense prediction tasks. This design allows the original ViT to be a foundation model that can be finetuned for downstream tasks without redesigning a hierarchical backbone for pretraining. Although this design is simple and has been proven effective, it has not yet been explored for interactive image segmentation. To fi…
Institute of Computer Science II（第二计算机科学研究所）；University of Bonn（波恩大学）；School of Computing（计算学院）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）
In interactive instance segmentation, users give feedback to iteratively refine segmentation masks. The user-provided clicks are transformed into guidance maps which provide the network with necessary cues on the whereabouts of the object of interest. Guidance maps used in current systems are purely distance-based and are either too localized or non-informative. We propose a novel transformation of user clicks to generate scale-aware guidance maps that leverage the hierarchical structural information present in an image. Using our guidance maps, even the most basic FCNs are able to outperform …
In this paper we present our system for human-in-the-loop video object segmentation. The backbone of our system is a method for one-shot video object segmentation. While fast, this method requires an accurate pixel-level segmentation of one (or several) frames as input. As manually annotating such a segmentation is impractical, we propose a deep interactive image segmentation method, that can accurately segment objects with only a handful of clicks. On the GrabCut dataset, our method obtains 90% IOU with just 3.8 clicks on average, setting the new state of the art. Furthermore, as our method i…
Guiding the Guidance: A Comparative Analysis of User Guidance Signals for Interactive Segmentation of Volumetric Images
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology（卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院）；HIDSS4Health - Helmholtz Information and Data Science School for Health（HIDSS4Health——亥姆霍兹健康信息与数据科学学院）；Institute for AI in Medicine, University Hospital Essen（埃森大学医院医学人工智能研究所）；Cancer Research Center Cologne Essen (CCCE), University Medicine Essen（埃森大学医学院科隆埃森癌症研究中心（CCCE））
Recent works on click-based interactive segmentation have demonstrated state-of-the-art results by using various inference-time optimization schemes. These methods are considerably more computationally expensive compared to feedforward approaches, as they require performing backward passes through a network during inference and are hard to deploy on mobile frameworks that usually support only forward passes. In this paper, we extensively evaluate various design choices for interactive segmentation and discover that new state-of-the-art results can be obtained without any additional optimizatio…
Interactive image segmentation aims at obtaining a segmentation mask for an image using simple user annotations. During each round of interaction, the segmentation result from the previous round serves as feedback to guide the user's annotation and provides dense prior information for the segmentation model, effectively acting as a bridge between interactions. Existing methods overlook the importance of feedback or simply concatenate it with the original input, leading to underutilization of feedback and an increase in the number of required annotations. To address this, we propose an approach…
SPT: Sequence Prompt Transformer for Interactive Image Segmentation
Ant Group（蚂蚁集团）；BAIDU（百度）；Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）
Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）
Interactive segmentation allows users to extract target masks by making positive/negative clicks. Although explored by many previous works, there is still a gap between academic approaches and industrial needs: first, existing models are not efficient enough to work on low power devices; second, they perform poorly when used to refine preexisting masks as they could not avoid destroying the correct part. FocalClick solves both issues at once by predicting and updating the mask in localized areas. For higher efficiency, we decompose the slow prediction on the entire image into two fast inferenc…
