在具有文化传播的生物体中，单独的分类配对可以导致结构化的生物区系
Assortative pairing alone can lead to a structured biota in organisms with cultural transmission
摘要：
空间分离经常被包括在种族分歧的模型中，但人们也意识到，城市亚文化可以，而且经常出现在同域性中。以前的研究倾向于将这种现象归因于人类倾向于模仿自我相似的个体，并积极将自己与被认为是外群体成员的个体区分开来。然而，将这种模型应用于非人类动物被认为是有问题的。我们提出了一个简约的亚文化出现的社会学习的算法不需要假设的“模仿阈值”的模型。它所需要的只是对以前用于近似文化遗传的高尔顿-皮尔逊生物特征模型的轻微修改。新的模型包括输入（文化“父母”）和输出（文化“后代”）的方差之间的比例。在这个模型中，分类单独可以导致形成不同的凝聚力集群的个人（亚文化）具有低组内和大组间的变异性，即使在没有空间分离或破坏性的自然选择。因此，在所有文化动物中，在生态分化之前，任意行为品种的同域出现可能代表了规范，而不是例外。
英文摘要：
Spatial separation is often included in models of ethnic divergence but it has also been realised that urban subcultures can, and frequently do, emerge in sympatry. Previous research tended to attribute this phenomenon to the human tendency to imitate self-similar individuals and actively differentiate oneself from individuals recognized as members of an outgroup. Application of such a model to non-human animals has been, however, viewed as problematic. We present a parsimonious model of subculture emergence where the algorithm of social learning does not require the assumption of an 'imitation threshold'. All it takes is a slight modification of Galton-Pearson's biometric model previously used to approximate cultural inheritance. The new model includes proportionality between the variance of inputs (cultural 'parents') and the variance of outputs (cultural 'offspring'). In this model, assortment alone can lead to the formation of distinct cohesive clusters of individuals (subcultures) with a low within-group and large between-group variability even in absence of a spatial separation or disruptive natural selection. Sympatric emergence of arbitrary behavioural varieties preceding ecological divergence may thus represent the norm, not the exception, in all cultural animals.
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