碱性电解系统动态工况下的热模型及控制器设计
Thermal Modelling and Controller Design of an Alkaline Electrolysis System under Dynamic Operating Conditions
摘要：
热管理对于碱性电解系统的高效和安全运行至关重要。传统的碱性电解系统使用简单的比例-积分-微分（PID）控制器来将电池堆温度保持在额定值附近。然而，在可再生氢的情况下，电堆温度会受到负载波动的干扰，并且会发生温度超调现象，其可能超过上限并损害电堆。本文主要研究动态工况下碱性电解系统的热力学建模和控制器设计。以三阶时滞过程的形式建立了面向控制的热工模型，用于仿真和控制器设计。基于此模型，我们提出了两种新的控制器，以减少温度超调：一个是电流前馈PID控制器（PID-I），另一个是模型预测控制器（MPC）。实验结果表明，PID-Ⅰ控制器的超调量减小了2.2度，而MPC控制器的超调量没有明显变化。通过对MW级碱性电解系统的热力学性能进行仿真分析，发现温度超调现象在大型系统中更为普遍。所提出的方法允许更高的温度设定点，这可以将系统效率提高1%。
英文摘要：
Thermal management is vital for the efficient and safe operation of alkaline electrolysis systems. Traditional alkaline electrolysis systems use simple proportional-integral-differentiation (PID) controllers to maintain the stack temperature near the rated value. However, in renewable-to-hydrogen scenarios, the stack temperature is disturbed by load fluctuations, and the temperature overshoot phenomenon occurs which can exceed the upper limit and harm the stack. This paper focuses on the thermal modelling and controller design of an alkaline electrolysis system under dynamic operating conditions. A control-oriented thermal model is established in the form of a third-order time-delay process, which is used for simulation and controller design. Based on this model, we propose two novel controllers to reduce temperature overshoot: one is a current feed-forward PID controller (PID-I), the other is a model predictive controller (MPC). Their performances are tested on a lab-scale system and the experimental results are satisfying: the temperature overshoot is reduced by 2.2 degree with the PID-I controller, and no obvious overshoot is observed with the MPC controller. Furthermore, the thermal dynamic performance of an MW-scale alkaline electrolysis system is analyzed by simulation, which shows that the temperature overshoot phenomenon is more general in large systems. The proposed method allows for higher temperature set points which can improve system efficiency by 1%.
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