Digitization is penetrating more and more areas of life. Tasks are increasingly being completed digitally, and are therefore not only fulfilled faster, more efficiently but also more purposefully and successfully. The rapid developments in the field of artificial intelligence in recent years have played a major role in this, as they brought up many helpful approaches to build on. At the same time, the eyes, their movements, and the meaning of these movements are being progressively researched. The combination of these developments has led to exciting approaches. In this dissertation, I present some of these approaches which I worked on during my Ph.D.
First, I provide insight into the development of models that use artificial intelligence to connect eye movements with visual expertise. This is demonstrated for two domains or rather groups of people: athletes in decision-making actions and surgeons in arthroscopic procedures. The resulting models can be considered as digital diagnostic models for automatic expertise recognition. Furthermore, I show approaches that investigate the transferability of eye movement patterns to different expertise domains and subsequently, important aspects of techniques for generalization. Finally, I address the temporal detection of confusion based on eye movement data. The results suggest the use of the resulting model as a clock signal for possible digital assistance options in the training of young professionals. An interesting aspect of my research is that I was able to draw on very valuable data from DFB youth elite athletes as well as on long-standing experts in arthroscopy. In particular, the work with the DFB data attracted the interest of radio and print media, namely DeutschlandFunk Nova and SWR DasDing. All resulting articles presented here have been published in internationally renowned journals or at conferences.
Human eye gaze plays an important role in delivering information, communicating intent, and understanding others' mental states. Previous research shows that a robot's gaze can also affect humans' decision-making and strategy during an interaction. However, limited studies have trained humanoid robots on gaze-based data in human-robot interaction scenarios. Considering gaze impacts the naturalness of social exchanges and alters the decision process of an observer, it should be regarded as a crucial component in human-robot interaction. To investigate the impact of robot gaze on humans, we prop…
This paper proposes an approach to detect information relevance during decision-making from eye movements in order to enable user interface adaptation. This is a challenging task because gaze behavior varies greatly across individual users and tasks and groundtruth data is difficult to obtain. Thus, prior work has mostly focused on simpler target-search tasks or on establishing general interest, where gaze behavior is less complex. From the literature, we identify six metrics that capture different aspects of the gaze behavior during decision-making and combine them in a voting scheme. We empi…
When LLM Rationales Become User-Facing: Effects on Trust Perception, Decision-Making, and Gaze Behaviors
National Institute of Informatics（国立情报学研究所）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；Yale School of Medicine（耶鲁大学医学院）；University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI)（荷兰数学与计算机科学研究中心）；Utrecht University（乌得勒支大学）
Attention Dynamics and Adaptive Decision Support in C5ISR: A Recurrence Quantification Analysis of Visual and Multimodal Attention Guidance Effects on Mission Performance
Wm Michael Barnes Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University（德克萨斯农工大学 Wm·迈克尔·巴恩斯工业与系统工程系）
The recent growth of sophisticated digital gaming technologies has spawned an \$8.1B industry around using these games for pedagogical purposes. Though Digital Game-Based Learning Systems have been adopted by industries ranging from military to medical applications, these systems continue to rely on traditional measures of explicit interactions to gauge player performance which can be subject to guessing and other factors unrelated to actual performance. This study presents a novel implicit eye-tracking based metric for digital game-based learning environments. The proposed metric introduces a…
The latest research in expertise assessment of soccer players has affirmed the importance of perceptual skills (especially for decision making) by focusing either on high experimental control or on a realistic presentation. To assess the perceptual skills of athletes in an optimized manner, we captured omnidirectional in-field scenes and showed these to 12 expert, 10 intermediate and 13 novice soccer goalkeepers on virtual reality glasses. All scenes were shown from the same natural goalkeeper perspective and ended after the return pass to the goalkeeper. Based on their gaze behavior we classi…
Infographic is a type of information presentation that inbound marketers use. I suggest a method that can allow the infographic designers to benchmark their design against the previous viral infographics to measure whether a given design decision can help or hurt the probability of the design becoming viral.
School of Engineering, University of Maryland（马里兰大学工程学院）；College of Engineering, Qatar University（卡塔尔大学工程学院）；University of Dhaka（达卡大学）
In the 34 developed and 156 developing countries, there are about 132 million disabled people who need a wheelchair constituting 1.86% of the world population. Moreover, there are millions of people suffering from diseases related to motor disabilities, which cause inability to produce controlled movement in any of the limbs or even head.The paper proposes a system to aid people with motor disabilities by restoring their ability to move effectively and effortlessly without having to rely on others utilizing an eye-controlled electric wheelchair. The system input was images of the users eye tha…
Information foraging connects optimal foraging theory in ecology with how humans search for information. The theory suggests that, following an information scent, the information seeker must optimize the tradeoff between exploration by repeated steps in the search space vs. exploitation, using the resources encountered. We conjecture that this tradeoff characterizes how a user deals with uncertainty and its two aspects, risk and ambiguity in economic theory. Risk is related to the perceived quality of the actually visited patch of information, and can be reduced by exploiting and understanding…
Eyes Can't Always Tell: Fusing Eye Tracking and User Priors for User Modeling under AI Advice Conditions
National Institute of Informatics（国立情报学研究所）；Yale School of Medicine（耶鲁大学医学院）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica（数学与计算机科学中心）；Utrecht University（乌得勒支大学）
Algorithms engineered to leverage rich behavioral and biometric data to predict individual attributes and actions continue to permeate public and private life. A fundamental risk may emerge from misconceptions about the sensitivity of such data, as well as the agency of individuals to protect their privacy when fine-grained (and possibly involuntary) behavior is tracked. In this work, we examine how individuals adjust their behavior when incentivized to avoid the algorithmic prediction of their intent. We present results from a virtual reality task in which gaze, movement, and other physiologi…
Eye movement patterns reflect human latent internal cognitive activities. We aim to discover eye movement patterns during face recognition under different cognitions of information concealing. These cognitions include the degrees of face familiarity and deception or not, namely telling the truth when observing familiar and unfamiliar faces, and deceiving in front of familiar faces. We apply Hidden Markov models with Gaussian emission to generalize regions and trajectories of eye fixation points under the above three conditions. Our results show that both eye movement patterns and eye gaze regi…
