衰老与科学创新的缩小
Aging and the Narrowing of Scientific Innovation
AI总结：
研究探讨了科学家老龄化对创新的影响，发现年轻科学家推动前沿，年长科学家进行组合创新，利用深度学习分析引用数据。
摘要：
随着全球寿命预期的上升和科学 workforce 的老龄化，衰老对个体科学家意味着什么，而老龄化科学家又对科学进步整体意味着什么？本文探讨了科学家和学者在思想和贡献与知识前沿演变之间的关系，以及老龄化领域与领域层面进步之间的关系。在个体层面，我们探讨了研究经历和选择如何缓和智力衰老的影响。在集体层面，我们探索了个体和集体衰老之间的机制。以往的研究集中在明星科学家，他们历史上的突破成功日期和速率的变化。我们在此基础上，对所有领域的时间内的科学家进行探索，利用了新的深度学习测量方法，使我们不仅能够追踪通过引用获得的正面关注，还能通过一个新的、全面的超过20000个由人类验证的批评引用数据库追踪负面关注。我们发现，年轻科学家倾向于推动前沿的颠覆性贡献，而年长科学家则进行组合创新，使用一个日益老化的组件集合。这包括分析1994年美国最高法院关于强制退休的裁决的影响，并研究意外合作对引用模式的影响。
英文摘要：
With rising life expectancies around the world and an older scientific workforce than ever before, what does aging mean for individual scientists, and what do aging scientists mean for scientific progress as a whole? Here we examine how scientists and scholars age in terms of how their ideas and contributions relate to the evolving frontier of knowledge and how demographically aging fields relate to field-level advance. At the individual level, we examine how research experiences and choices can moderate the effects of intellectual aging. At the collective level, we explore mechanisms that link individual and collective aging. Prior research focuses on star scientists, their changing dates and rates of breakthrough success throughout history. We explore this for scientists in all fields over time, drawing upon novel deep learning measurements that allow us not only to trace positive attention through citation but also negative attention through explicit criticism with a novel, comprehensive database of over 20,000 human-validated critical citations. We find that younger scientists tend toward disruptive contributions that push the frontier, while older scientists engage in combinatorial innovation with an aging collection of components. This includes analyzing the impact of the 1994 U.S. Supreme Court ruling on mandatory retirement and examining how unexpected collaborations affect citation patterns.
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