C3IEL：用于Cloud Evolution、ClImatE和Lightning的群集
C3IEL: Cluster for Cloud Evolution, ClImatE and Lightning
摘要：
云在地球的能量收支和水文循环中发挥着重要作用。云的动力结构及其与环境空气的混合对其垂直质量和能量通量以及降水有很大影响。大多数云的演变和混合发生的尺度小于目前从地球静止轨道观测到的尺度，即小于1公里。计划进行一项名为“云演化、气候和闪电集群”（C3 IEL）的卫星飞行任务，以弥补这一差距。该任务是以色列（ISA）和法国（CNES）空间机构之间的合作，目前正处于A阶段的最后阶段。计划中的飞行任务将由下午早些时候太阳同步极轨道上的2至3颗纳米卫星组成，将在立交桥期间拍摄视野的多立体图像。C3 IEL将携带3个仪器：（1）空间分辨率为20米的CLOUD可见光成像仪。在分辨率优于100 m、速度仅为几m/s的条件下对云的演化过程进行多立体重建，将为云的动力学和演化提供前所未有的信息。(2)具有不同蒸汽吸收的3个波段的水汽成像仪将提供云周围的垂直积分水汽，并且由于它们与环境空气的混合和蒸发，可能提供云周围的蒸汽的三维结构。(3)闪电光学成像仪和光度计（LOIP）。闪电传感器将以比以前更高的空间分辨率提供云动力学和电气化之间的联系。C3 IEL将提供目前缺少的观测证据，证明亚公里尺度的云在重新分配大气中的能量和水方面的作用，以及风暴强度与闪电活动频率之间的关系。
英文摘要：
Clouds play a major role in Earth's energy budget and hydrological cycle. Clouds dynamical structure and mixing with the ambient air have a large impact on their vertical mass and energy fluxes and on precipitation. Most of the cloud evolution and mixing occurs at scales smaller than presently observable from geostationary orbit, which is less than 1 km. A satellite mission is planned for bridging this gap, named "Cluster for Cloud evolution, ClImatE and Lightning" (C3IEL). The mission is a collaboration between the Israeli (ISA) and French (CNES) space agencies, which is presently at the end of its Phase A. The planned mission will be constituted of a constellation of 2 to 3 nanosatellites in a sun synchronous early afternoon polar orbit, which will take multi-stereoscopic images of the field of view during an overpass. C3IEL will carry 3 instruments: (1) CLOUD visible imager at a spatial resolution of 20 m. The multi-stereoscopic reconstruction of the evolution of cloud envelops at a resolution better than 100 m and velocity of few m/s will provide an unprecedented information on the clouds dynamics and evolution. (2) WATER VAPOR imagers at 3 wavebands with different vapor absorption will provide vertically integrated water vapor around the cloud and possibly a 3-dimensional structure of the vapor around the clouds due to their mixing and evaporation with the ambient air. (3) Lightning Optical Imagers and Photometers (LOIP). The lightning sensors will provide a link between cloud dynamics and electrification at higher spatial resolution than previously available. C3IEL will provide presently missing observational evidence for the role of clouds at sub-km scale in redistributing the energy and water in the atmosphere, and of the relation between storm vigor and frequency of lightning activity.
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