Brokenwire：对CCS电动汽车充电的无线破坏
Brokenwire : Wireless Disruption of CCS Electric Vehicle Charging
AI总结：
提出名为Brokenwire的无线攻击方法，利用CSMA/CA行为中断CCS电动汽车充电控制通信，在47米内仅需小于1W功率即可隐蔽干扰车辆或车队，对全球1200万辆电动汽车构成威胁并探讨了缓解措施。
摘要：
我们提出了一种针对Combined Charging System（组合充电系统）的新型攻击，这是电动汽车（EV）最广泛使用的直流快速充电技术之一。我们的攻击Brokenwire中断了车辆与充电桩之间必要的控制通信，导致充电会话中止。该攻击仅需要临时的物理接近，并且可以在一定距离上无线进行，允许隐蔽且同时地干扰单个车辆或整个车队。此外，它可以使用现成的无线电硬件和最少的技术知识来实施。通过利用CSMA/CA行为，只需在受害者端引入非常微弱的信号即可中断通信——其有效性比宽带噪声干扰高出三个数量级。被利用的行为是HomePlug Green PHY、DIN 70121和ISO 15118标准的必需部分，所有已知的实现都表现出这一特征。我们首先在受控测试环境中研究该攻击，然后在真实部署环境中对8辆汽车和20个充电桩进行演示。我们发现该攻击在现实世界中是成功的，在功率预算小于1 W的情况下，作用距离可达47 m。我们进一步表明，该攻击可以在建筑物的楼层之间（例如，多层停车场）工作，穿过周边围栏，并且可以通过“飞车”攻击实施。我们提出了一个启发式模型，用于估计在给定输出功率下可以同时攻击的车辆数量。Brokenwire对全球道路上约1200万辆纯电动汽车中的很大一部分具有直接影响——并且对车队电气化的新浪潮产生深远影响，无论是私营企业还是关键的公共服务，以及电动公交车、卡车和小型船舶。因此，我们向行业进行了披露，并讨论了一系列可以部署以限制影响的缓解技术。
英文摘要：
We present a novel attack against the Combined Charging System, one of the most widely used DC rapid charging technologies for electric vehicles (EVs). Our attack, Brokenwire, interrupts necessary control communication between the vehicle and charger, causing charging sessions to abort. The attack requires only temporary physical proximity and can be conducted wirelessly from a distance, allowing individual vehicles or entire fleets to be disrupted stealthily and simultaneously. In addition, it can be mounted with off-the-shelf radio hardware and minimal technical knowledge. By exploiting CSMA/CA behavior, only a very weak signal needs to be induced into the victim to disrupt communication - exceeding the effectiveness of broadband noise jamming by three orders of magnitude. The exploited behavior is a required part of the HomePlug Green PHY, DIN 70121 & ISO 15118 standards and all known implementations exhibit it. We first study the attack in a controlled testbed and then demonstrate it against eight vehicles and 20 chargers in real deployments. We find the attack to be successful in the real world, at ranges up to 47 m, for a power budget of less than 1 W. We further show that the attack can work between the floors of a building (e.g., multi-story parking), through perimeter fences, and from `drive-by' attacks. We present a heuristic model to estimate the number of vehicles that can be attacked simultaneously for a given output power. Brokenwire has immediate implications for a substantial proportion of the around 12 million battery EVs on the roads worldwide - and profound effects on the new wave of electrification for vehicle fleets, both for private enterprise and crucial public services, as well as electric buses, trucks and small ships. As such, we conducted a disclosure to the industry and discussed a range of mitigation techniques that could be deployed to limit the impact.
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