Towards a portable high-resolution muon detector based on Resistive Plate Chambers
S. Basnet, E. Cortina Gil, P. Demin, R. M. I. D. Gamage, A. Giammanco, R. Karnam, M. Moussawi, A. Samalan, M. Tytgat
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12 pages, 4 figures Also, proceeding article for the International Workshop on Cosmic-Ray Muography (Muography2021), submitted to Journal for Advanced Instrumentation in Science (JAIS)
The use of conventional imaging techniques becomes problematic when faced with challenging logistics and confined environments. In particular, such scenarios are not unusual in the field of archaeological and mining explorations as well as for nuclear waste characterization. For these applications, even the use of muography is complicated since the detectors have to be deployed in difficult areas with limited room for instrumentation, e.g., narrow tunnels. To address this limitation, we have developed a portable muon detector (muoscope) based on glass Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) with an active area of 16 $\times$ 16 cm$^{2}$. The specific design goals taken into consideration while developing our first prototype are portability, robustness, autonomy, versatility, safety and low cost. To help further improve our design goals, we are currently studying the possibility to switch the sensitive units from strips in the old prototype to pixels for the new one However, for performing high resolution muography, the number of readout units per layer will also need to increase significantly, leading to increase in the overall cost and power consumption of the muoscope. To mitigate these issues, we are developing a novel 2D multiplexing algorithm for reading out several pixels with a single electronic channel. In this article, we give an overview of the detector development, focusing mainly on the design goals and the choice of detector technology. Furthermore, we present the details of the expected changes in the new prototype as well as a simulated 2D multiplexing study based on general principles.
Performance study of large-area glass resistive plate chambers with different spacer configurations
本文对玻璃电阻板室(RPC)内的隔板和气体分布进行了优化。模拟研究表明,气体流速的均匀性和较低的涡室内的改善。与原始设计(100个间隔物)相比,优化的间隔物配置(76个间隔物)将间隔物的数量减少了$24\%$,因此有助于显著减少由间隔物引起的非有源或低效率区域,同时保持电极的类似变形均匀性。采用两种间隔层结构,构造了1 × 1 m $^2$尺寸的大面积玻璃RPC,并用宇宙μ子事件进行了测试。RPC的μ子探测效率大于$95\%$。
Development and Characterization of 6-gap Bakelite Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber
多间隙电阻板室(MRPC)是电阻板室(RPC)探测器的一种先进形式,其中气体间隙被划分为子间隙。MRPC以其良好的时间分辨率和对带电粒子的检测效率而闻名。他们已经在几个高能物理实验中找到了合适的应用,如LHC的ALICE,CERN,日内瓦,瑞士,RHIC,BNL,美国的STAR。由于它们具有非常好的时间分辨率并且成本低,因此它们可以是用于正电子发射断层成像成像的非常昂贵的闪烁器的合适替代品。现在使用的MRPC是用玻璃电极开发的。我们尝试用胶木电极研制了一种6间隙MRPC。外电极的尺寸为15 cm $\times$ 15 cm $\times$ 0.3 cm,内电极的尺寸为14 cm $\times$ 14 cm $\times$ 0.05 cm。光滑的成品电极表面没有经过任何油处理,如亚麻籽,硅油,以获得光滑度。用宇宙射线测量了探测器的效率、噪声率和时间分辨率。这项工作的目标是使用MRPC开发具有飞行时间技术的正电子发射断层成像原型。开发程序和性能研究的详细信息已在此处介绍。
Aging Study on Resistive Plate Chambers of the CMS Muon Detector for HL-LHC
在高亮度大型强子对撞机(HL-LHC)计划中,在未来几年内,瞬时亮度将增加到5 $\times$ 10 $^{34}$ cm $^{-2}$ s $^{-1}$,这意味着比名义上的LHC高出五倍。在此期间,目前的CMS电阻板室(RPC)系统将受到高于探测器设计的背景率的影响,这可能会影响探测器的性能并引起老化效应。为了研究目前的RPC系统是否能够在HL-LHC运行期间维持硬本底条件,CERN伽马辐照设施正在进行一项专门的寿命测试,其中一些备用RPC长期暴露于高伽马辐射以模拟HL-LHC运行条件。在寿命测试期间,主要检测器参数作为积分电荷的函数被连续监测。在HL-LHC收集到足够数量的预期综合电荷后,将介绍研究的初步结果。
Resistive Plate Chambers for Imaging Calorimetry - the DHCAL
DHCAL,数字强子量热计,是一种基于电阻板室(RPC)的原型量热计。该设计强调的成像能力的检测器,努力优化的应用程序的粒子流算法(PFAs)的强子射流能量在碰撞束环境中的重建量热计。腔室的读出被分割成1 x 1 cm 2的垫,每个以1位(单阈值)分辨率读出。具有大约50万个读出通道的原型在费米实验室和欧洲核子研究中心的测试束中进行了广泛的测试。本报告介绍了从试验梁收集的数据分析的初步结果。
The gas flow pattern through a small size Resistive Plate Chamber with 2mm gap
作者研制了一台单间隙玻璃电阻板室(RPC)样机。为了找到更好地操作检测器的气体系统所需的考虑因素,我们已经模拟了通过使用计算流体动力学方法的检测器的Ar气体的流动。模拟结果表明,腔室内部的压力线性依赖于气体流量和腔室的输出软管长度。模拟结果与实验结果一致。我们已经发现,气体分子的压力驱动速度在入口和出口区域比14 × 14 cm 2腔室的阻塞角落大两个数量级,并且对于较大的检测器和不同的几何形状,最有可能似乎更高。
Development of a new Front End electronics in Silicon and Silicon-Germanium technology for the Resistive Plate Chamber detector for high rate experiments
Study of Performance of Bakelite Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC)
电阻板室(RPC)是一种具有良好时间和位置分辨率的气体探测器。VECC参与了本土开发的胶木RPC的研发。在印度开发的酚醛树脂RPC的最大尺寸是100 cm $\times$ 100 cm。本文介绍了胶木样品的测试结果以及在VECC制造的胶木RPC(30 cm $\times$ 30 cm $\times$ 0.2 cm)的宇宙射线测试结果。还讨论了研制大尺寸(240 cm $\times$ 120 cm $\times$ 0.2 cm)酚醛树脂RPC所采取的步骤。
Experience gained about Resistive Plate Chambers ageing from the ALICE Muon TRigger/IDentifier detector
ALICE μ子鉴别器由72个单间隙酚醛树脂电阻板室组成,自2009年以来一直在使用四氟乙烷/异丁烷/六氟化硫混合气体的最大雪崩模式(鉴别阈值:7 mV,无放大)下运行,计数率为数十Hz/cm ^2。在这次演讲中,RPC系统的长期性能和稳定性将在效率,暗电流和暗速率方面进行讨论。将对探测器上观察到的潜在老化迹象进行评估,并总结最常见的硬件问题。
Environment-friendly gas mixtures for Resistive Plate Chambers: an experimental and simulation study
电阻板室(RPC)在大型强子对撞机上显示出稳定的运行,并且在整个运行1(2010-2013)和运行2(2015-2018)中使用C $_{2}$ H $_{2}$ F $_{4}$基气体混合物并添加SF $_{6}$和i-C $_{4}$ H $_{10}$的效率令人满意。由于其全球升温潜能值(GWP)较高,C $_{2}$ H $_{2}$ F $_{4}$由于最近的欧盟法规正在逐步停止生产,因此其成本逐渐增加。因此,寻找具有低GWP的新RPC气体混合物变得极其重要。该贡献描述了用异丙烯C $_{3}$ H $_{2}$ F $_{4}$(HFO 1234 ze)(一种具有非常低GWP的氢氟烯烃)模拟RPC效率。系统地比较了模拟结果与测量的RPC效率在C $_{3}$ H $_{2}$ F $_{4}$ -基气体混合物与添加不同组合的Ar,He,CO $_{2}$,O $_{2}$和i-C $_{4}$ H $_{10}$在各种浓度。该模拟允许研究C $_{3}$ H $_{2}$ F $_{4}$与混合物中的其它气体组分之间的相互作用,并且可以允许识别用于RPC的具有C $_{3}$ H $_{2}$ F $_{4}$的最有前途的环境友好的气体混合物。