登山运动的集体与个人性质：网络与单纯方法
The collective vs individual nature of mountaineering: a network and simplicial approach
摘要：
登山运动是一项矛盾力量的运动：团队合作在精神毅力和技能方面发挥着重要作用，但实际的登山行为，甚至生存，在很大程度上是个人主义的。这项工作研究的结构和拓扑关系的登山者的合作和成功的水平的影响。它使用单纯复形来实现这一点，其中登山者之间的关系通过单纯形来捕获，这些单纯形对应于先前的联合探险，维度由登山者的数量减1给出，权重由单纯形的出现次数给出。首先，这项分析确立了关系的重要性，并表明与重复伙伴一起攀登时，失败的可能性大大降低。从以攀岩者为中心的角度来看，属于大尺寸单纯形的攀岩者更有可能成功，跨越经验水平。从考察为中心的角度来看，一个群体内的关系的分布进行了探讨，以确定集体的人类行为：从极化到合作。包含大尺寸单形的探险，通常重量较轻，即，大多数人以前有过少量的联合探险，倾向于更合作，登山者之间的成功率更高。另一方面，小的，通常是强大的，亚组的存在导致了两极分化的风格，其中登山者不太可能成功。最后，这项工作探讨了个人特征和远征范围内的因素，可能会发挥不同的作用，在个人主义和合作探险的影响。中心性表明，提升时年轻和氧气使用的个人特征是成功的强大驱动力。考察范围内的因素，考察规模和考察天数被发现与成功率强相关。
英文摘要：
Mountaineering is a sport of contrary forces: teamwork plays a large role in mental fortitude and skills, but the actual act of climbing, and indeed survival, is largely individualistic. This work studies the effects of the structure and topology of relationships within climbers on the level of cooperation and success. It does so using simplicial complexes, where relationships between climbers are captured through simplexes that correspond to joint previous expeditions with dimension given by the number of climbers minus one and weight given by the number of occurrences of the simplex. First, this analysis establishes the importance of relationships and shows that chances of failure to summit reduce drastically when climbing with repeat partners. From a climber-centric perspective, climbers that belong to simplexes with large dimension were more likely to be successful, across experience levels. From an expedition-centric perspective, the distribution of relationships within a group is explored to identify collective human behavior: from polarized to cooperative. Expeditions containing simplices with large dimension, and usually low weight, i.e., a large number of people had a small number of previous joint expeditions, tended to be more cooperative, with more homogeneity in success amongst climbers. On the other hand, the existence of small, usually strong, subgroups lead to a polarized style where climbers that were not a part of the subgroup were less likely to succeed. Lastly, this work examines the effects of individual features and expedition-wide factors that may play different roles in individualistic and cooperative expeditions. Centrality indicates that individual traits of youth and oxygen use while ascending are strong drivers of success. Of expedition-wide factors, the expedition size and number of expedition days are found to be strongly correlated with success rate.
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