在大多数跨语言的简单小句中，主语身份的语法线索是冗余的
Grammatical cues to subjecthood are redundant in a majority of simple clauses across languages
AI总结：
本文通过英俄行为实验和30种语言的神经网络分类分析，证明语法线索在多数及物小句中冗余，但在角色可互换或非典型意义表达中仍不可或缺。
摘要：
在自然语言中，语法线索有时与词义信息冗余。例如，英语的语序规则限制了像“The dog chewed the bone”这类句子的词序，尽管“dog”作为主语、“bone”作为宾语的身份可以从世界知识和合理性推断出来。量化这种冗余出现的频率，以及冗余程度在不同类型学语言之间的差异，有助于揭示语法的功能和演化。为此，我们开展了一项英语和俄语的行为实验，以及一项跨语言计算分析，测量从语料文本中提取的及物小句中语法线索的冗余程度。英语和俄语使用者（n=484）被呈现从自然语句中提取的主语、动词和宾语（顺序随机且去除形态标记），并被要求判断哪个名词是动作的主语。两种语言的准确率都很高（英语约89%，俄语约87%）。接下来，我们训练了一个神经网络机器分类器来完成类似任务：预测主-动-宾三元组中哪个名词性成分是主语。在来自八个语系的30种语言中，表现始终很高：中位准确率为87%，与人类实验中观察到的准确率相当。结论是，诸如语序之类的语法线索仅在少数自然出现的及物小句中是传达主语身份和宾语身份所必需的；然而，它们可以（a）提供重要的冗余来源，并且（b）对于传达仅凭词语无法推断的意图意义至关重要，包括对人类互动的描述（其中角色常常可互换，例如 Ray helped Lu/Lu helped Ray），以及表达非典型意义（例如“The bone chewed the dog.”）。
英文摘要：
Grammatical cues are sometimes redundant with word meanings in natural language. For instance, English word order rules constrain the word order of a sentence like "The dog chewed the bone" even though the status of "dog" as subject and "bone" as object can be inferred from world knowledge and plausibility. Quantifying how often this redundancy occurs, and how the level of redundancy varies across typologically diverse languages, can shed light on the function and evolution of grammar. To that end, we performed a behavioral experiment in English and Russian and a cross-linguistic computational analysis measuring the redundancy of grammatical cues in transitive clauses extracted from corpus text. English and Russian speakers (n=484) were presented with subjects, verbs, and objects (in random order and with morphological markings removed) extracted from naturally occurring sentences and were asked to identify which noun is the subject of the action. Accuracy was high in both languages (~89% in English, ~87% in Russian). Next, we trained a neural network machine classifier on a similar task: predicting which nominal in a subject-verb-object triad is the subject. Across 30 languages from eight language families, performance was consistently high: a median accuracy of 87%, comparable to the accuracy observed in the human experiments. The conclusion is that grammatical cues such as word order are necessary to convey subjecthood and objecthood in a minority of naturally occurring transitive clauses; nevertheless, they can (a) provide an important source of redundancy and (b) are crucial for conveying intended meaning that cannot be inferred from the words alone, including descriptions of human interactions, where roles are often reversible (e.g., Ray helped Lu/Lu helped Ray), and expressing non-prototypical meanings (e.g., "The bone chewed the dog.").
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
