ERASE：工作窃取运行时的节能任务映射和资源管理
ERASE: Energy Efficient Task Mapping and Resource Management for Work Stealing Runtimes
摘要：
并行应用程序通常依赖于工作窃取调度器与细粒度任务相结合来实现高性能和可伸缩性。然而，在工作窃取运行时的上下文中降低总能耗仍然具有挑战性，特别是在使用具有不同类型CPU内核的非对称架构时。用于节能的常见方法涉及动态电压和频率缩放（DVFS），其中基于诸如任务并行性、窃取关系和任务关键性的因素来执行节流。本文提出了以下观察结果：（i）在使用细粒度任务时以及在具有集群/芯片级DVFS的环境中，在每个任务的基础上利用DVFS是不切实际的;（ii）任务可塑造性，其中单个任务可以通过工作共享在多个线程/核心上执行，可以帮助减少能耗;以及（iii）任务和分配的资源之间的不匹配（即~核类型和核数量）可能间接地影响能量消耗。在本文中，我们提出ERASE（EneRgy Aware ERAEr），一个应用程序内的任务调度器上的工作窃取运行时，旨在减少并行应用程序的总能耗。它通过基于不同资源配置的每任务能耗预测来指导调度决策，从而实现节能。此外，ERASE能够适应给定的静态频率设置和外部控制的DVFS。总的来说，与最先进的基于DVF的路由器相比，ERASE实现了高达31%的节能，平均性能提高了44%。
英文摘要：
Parallel applications often rely on work stealing schedulers in combination with fine-grained tasking to achieve high performance and scalability. However, reducing the total energy consumption in the context of work stealing runtimes is still challenging, particularly when using asymmetric architectures with different types of CPU cores. A common approach for energy savings involves dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) wherein throttling is carried out based on factors like task parallelism, stealing relations and task criticality. This paper makes the following observations: (i) leveraging DVFS on a per-task basis is impractical when using fine-grained tasking and in environments with cluster/chip-level DVFS; (ii) task moldability, wherein a single task can execute on multiple threads/cores via work-sharing, can help to reduce energy consumption; and (iii) mismatch between tasks and assigned resources (i.e.~core type and number of cores) can detrimentally impact energy consumption. In this paper, we propose ERASE (EneRgy Aware SchedulEr), an intra-application task scheduler on top of work stealing runtimes that aims to reduce the total energy consumption of parallel applications. It achieves energy savings by guiding scheduling decisions based on per-task energy consumption predictions of different resource configurations. In addition, ERASE is capable of adapting to both given static frequency settings and externally controlled DVFS. Overall, ERASE achieves up to 31% energy savings and improves performance by 44% on average, compared to the state-of-the-art DVFS-based schedulers.
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