40年来航空航天人的系统集成发展
Aerospace Human System Integration Evolution over the Last 40 Years
摘要：
本章重点介绍了过去40年来航空航天系统中以人为中心的设计（HCD）的演变。人类因素和人类工程学第一次从物理和医学问题的研究转向认知问题大约在20世纪80年代。计算机的出现带来了人机交互（HCI）的发展，然后扩展到数字交互设计和用户体验（UX）领域。我们最终提出了交互式驾驶舱的概念，不是因为飞行员与机械设备交互，而是因为他们使用计算机显示器上的指向设备进行交互。自21世纪初以来，复杂性和组织问题变得突出，以至于复杂系统设计和管理成为中心舞台，人们关注人的因素和组织设置的作用。如今，人类系统集成（HSI）已不再仅仅是一个单智能体问题，而是一个多智能体的研究领域。系统是系统的系统，被认为是人和机器的代表。它们由静态和动态的结构和功能组成。当它们在工作时，它们是生物体，产生需要在进化中考虑的新兴功能和结构（即，在不断的重新设计中）。本章将更具体地关注人为因素，如以人为中心的系统表示，生命关键系统，组织问题，复杂性管理，建模和仿真，灵活性，有形性和自主性。讨论将基于民用航空和空战以及航空航天中的几个例子。
英文摘要：
This chapter focuses on the evolution of Human-Centered Design (HCD) in aerospace systems over the last forty years. Human Factors and Ergonomics first shifted from the study of physical and medical issues to cognitive issues circa the 1980s. The advent of computers brought with it the development of human-computer interaction (HCI), which then expanded into the field of digital interaction design and User Experience (UX). We ended up with the concept of interactive cockpits, not because pilots interacted with mechanical things, but because they interacted using pointing devices on computer displays. Since the early 2000s, complexity and organizational issues gained prominence to the point that complex systems design and management found itself center stage, with the spotlight on the role of the human element and organizational setups. Today, Human Systems Integration (HSI) is no longer only a single-agent problem, but a multi-agent research field. Systems are systems of systems, considered as representations of people and machines. They are made of statically and dynamically articulated structures and functions. When they are at work, they are living organisms that generate emerging functions and structures that need to be considered in evolution (i.e., in their constant redesign). This chapter will more specifically, focus on human factors such as human-centered systemic representations, life critical systems, organizational issues, complexity management, modeling and simulation, flexibility, tangibility and autonomy. The discussion will be based on several examples in civil aviation and air combat, as well as aerospace.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
