In this paper we consider a frame-like gauge invariant description of massive higher spin bosons and fermions in d=3 and provide for the first time a proof that such formulation does describe just one massive physical degree of freedom with the appropriate helicity. For this purpose we completely fix all the gauge symmetries and show that all other auxiliary components vanish on-shell, while the only remaining highest component satisfies the correct equations. As a bonus, we show that the Lagrangians for the so-called self-dual massive spin-3 and spin-4 fields proposed by Aragone and Khoudeir (as well as their generalization to arbitrary integer and half-integer spins) can be obtained from the gauge invariant ones by the appropriate gauge fixing.
The Kirillov-Souriau-Kostant construction is applied to derive the classical and quantum mechanics for the massive spinning particle in arbitrary dimension.
The general model of an arbitrary spin massive particle in any dimensional space-time is derived on the basis of Kirillov - Kostant - Souriau approach. Keywords: spinning particles, Poincaré group, orbit method, constrained dynamics, geometric quantization.
In this paper we consider massless spin 2 interacting with the massive arbitrary spin fermions in d=3. First of all, we study all possible deformations for the massive fermion unfolded equations in the massless spin 2 background. We find three linearly independent solutions one of which corresponds to the standard gravitational interactions. Then for all three cases we reconstruct appropriate Lagrangian formulation.
In this paper we construct massive supermultiplets out of appropriate set of massless ones in the same way as massive spin s particle could be constructed out of massless spin s,s-1,... ones leading to gauge invariant description of massive particle. Mainly we consider massive spin 3/2 supermultiplets in a flat d=4 Minkowski space both without central charge for N=1,2,3 as well as with central charge for N=2,4. Besides, we give two examples of massive N=1 supermultiplets with spin 3/2 and 2 in AdS_4 space.
Massive dual spin zero fields are reconsidered in four spacetime dimensions. A closed-form Lagrangian is presented that describes a field coupled to the gradient of its own energy-momentum tensor.
Light-cone gauge formulation of relativistic dynamics of a continuous-spin field propagating in the flat space is developed. Cubic interaction vertices of continuous-spin massless fields and totally symmetric arbitrary spin massive fields are studied. We consider parity invariant cubic vertices that involve one continuous-spin massless field and two arbitrary spin massive fields and parity invariant cubic vertices that involve two continuous-spin massless fields and one arbitrary spin massive field. We construct the complete list of such vertices explicitly. Also we demonstrate that there are …
In this paper we extend a so called frame-like formulation of massless high spin particles to massive case. We start with two explicit examples of massive spin 2 and spin 3 particles and then construct gauge invariant description for arbitrary integer spin case. Similarly, for the fermionic case we start with first non-trivial example -- massive spin 5/2 particle and then construct gauge invariant description for arbitrary half-integer spin case. In all cases we consider massive particles in (A)dS spaces with arbitrary cosmological constant (including flat Minkowski space) and this allows one …
A 6th-order, but ghost-free, gauge-invariant action is found for a 4th-rank symmetric tensor potential in a three-dimensional (3D) Minkowski spacetime. It propagates two massive modes of spin 4 that are interchanged by parity, and is thus a spin-4 analog of linearized "new massive gravity". Also found are ghost-free spin-4 analogs of linearized "topologically massive gravity" and "new topologically massive gravity", of 5th- and 8th-order respectively.
A procedure to obtain higher-derivative free massive actions is proposed. It consists in dimensional reduction of conventional two-derivative massless actions, where solutions to constraints bring in higher derivatives. We apply this procedure to derive the arbitrary dimensional generalizations of (linearized) New Massive Gravity and New Topologically Massive Gravity.
We use light-cone gauge formalism to study interacting massive and massless continuous-spin fields and finite component arbitrary spin fields propagating in the flat space. Cubic interaction vertices for such fields are considered. We obtain parity invariant cubic vertices for coupling of one continuous-spin field to two arbitrary spin fields and cubic vertices for coupling of two continuous-spin fields to one arbitrary spin field. Parity invariant cubic vertices for self-interacting massive/massless continuous-spin fields are also obtained. We find the complete list of parity invariant cubic …
We introduce the massive gauge invariant, second order pure spin-3 theory in three dimensions. It consists of the addition of the second order gauge invariant massless pure spin-3 action with the first order topological(generalized) Chern-Simons spin-3 term corrected with lower spin auxiliary actions which avoid lower spin ghosts propagation. This second order intermediate action completes the catalogue of massive spin-3 actions having topological structure. We also consider its spontaneous break down through the addition of the inertial spin-3 nontopological Fierz-Pauli mass term. It is shown…
A natural extension of the Pasterski-Shao-Strominger (PSS) prescription is described, enabling the map of Minkowski space amplitudes with massive spinning external legs to the celestial sphere to be performed. An integral representation for the conformal primary wave function (CPW) of massive spinning bosons on the celestial sphere is derived explicitly for spin-one and -two. By analogy with the spin-zero case, the spinning bulk-to-boundary propagator on Euclidean AdS is employed to extend the massive CPW integral representation to arbitrary integer spin, and to describe the appropriate invers…
Unfolded equations of motion for symmetric massive bosonic fields of any spin in Minkowski and (A)dS spaces are presented. Manifestly gauge invariant action for a spin $s \ge 2$ massive field in any dimension is constructed in terms of gauge invariant curvatures.
We develop the BRST approach to Lagrangian formulation for massive higher integer spin fields on a flat space-time of arbitrary dimension. General procedure of gauge invariant Lagrangian construction describing the dynamics of massive bosonic field with any spin is given. No off-shell constraints on the fields (like tracelessness) and the gauge parameters are imposed. The procedure is based on construction of new representation for the closed algebra generated by the constraints defining an irreducible massive bosonic representation of the Poincare group. We also construct Lagrangian describin…
It is shown that all bosonic and fermionic massive string models admit consistent light-cone formulations. This result is used to derive the spin generating functions of these models in four dimensions.
We suggest a new spin-4 self-dual model (parity singlet) and a new spin-4 parity doublet in $D=2+1$. They are of higher order in derivatives and are described by a totally symmetric rank-4 tensor without extra auxiliary fields. Despite the higher derivatives they are ghost free. We find gauge invariant field combinations which allow us to show that the canonical structure of the spin-4 (spin-3) models follows the same pattern of its spin-2 (spin-1) counterpart after field redefinitions. For $s=1,2,3,4$, the spin-$s$ self-dual models of order $2s-1$ and the doublet models of order $2s$ can be w…
A model of the self-interacting charged massive spin-two field is constructed. We investigate several properties of the model and find that the trivial vacuum is only allowed due to the internal symmetry. This suggests that the Higgs mechanism might not be induced by the model of the massive spin-two field with the ghost-free potential.
We give explicit construction for massive higher spin supermultiplets for the case of minimal supersymmetry in d=3 and find the corresponding Lagrangian formulations. We show that all such massive supermultiplets can be straightforwardly constructed out of the appropriately chosen set of massless ones exactly in the same way as the gauge invariant description for the massive bosonic (fermionic) field with spin s can be obtained using a set of massless fields with spins s,s-1,...,0(1/2). Moreover, such construction for the massive supermultiplets turns out to be perfectly consistent with our pr…
In this paper we construct an unfolded formulation for the massive higher spin N=1 supermultiplets in four dimensional AdS space. We use the same frame-like gauge invariant multispinor formalism that was used previously for their Lagrangian formulation. We also consider an infinite spin limit of such supermultiplets.
Using on-shell gauge invariant formulation of relativistic dynamics we study interaction vertices for a massive spin 5/2 Dirac field propagating in (A)dS space of dimension greater than or equal to four. Gravitational interaction vertex for the massive spin 5/2 field and all cubic vertices for the massive spin 5/2 field and massless spin 2 field with two and three derivatives are obtained. In dimension greater that four, we demonstrate that the gravitational vertex of the massive spin 5/2 field involves, in addition to the standard minimal gravitational vertex, contributions with two and three…
We construct the frame-like gauge-invariant Lagrangian formulation for massive fermionic arbitrary spin fields in three-dimensional $AdS$ space. The Lagrangian and complete set of gauge transformations are obtained. We also develop the formalism of gauge-invariant curvatures for the massive theory under consideration and show how the Lagrangian is formulated in their terms. The massive spin-5/2 field is discussed as an example.
Here we start from a dual version of Vasiliev's first order action for massless spin-2 particles (linearized first order Einstein-Hilbert) and derive, via Kaluza-Klein dimensional reduction from $D+1$ to $D$ dimensions, a set of dual massive spin-2 models. This set includes the massive "BR" model, a spin-2 analogue of the spin-1 Cremmer-Scherk model. In our approach the linearized Riemann curvature emerges from a solution of a functional constraint. In $D=2+1$ the BR model can be written as a linearized version of a new bimetric model for massive gravitons. We also have a new massive spin-2 mo…
We generalize the unconstrained description of free massless higher spin fields previously developed in [Nucl.Phys. B 779 (2007) 155] to the case of free massive higher spin fields in a flat space of arbitrary dimension. The Lagrangian is given in an easy-to-handle form for an arbitrary value of spin. It is local, free from higher derivative terms, and involves a minimal number of auxiliary fields needed for an unconstrained gauge invariant description of a free massive higher spin field in arbitrary dimension.
We study the interaction of massive spin-3/2 field with electromagnetic and gravitational fields in the four dimensional AdS space and construct the corresponding cubic vertices. Construction is based on generalization of Fradkin-Vasiliev formalism, developed for massless higher spin fields, to massive fermionic higher spin fields. The main ingredients of this formalism are the gauge invariant curvatures. We build such curvatures for the massive theory under consideration and show how the cubic vertices are written in their terms.
In this paper we use a constructive approach based on gauge invariant description of massive high spin particles for investigation of possible interactions of massive spin 2 particle. We work with general case of massive spin 2 particle living in constant curvature $(A)dS_d$ background, which allows us carefully consider all flat space, massless or partially massless limits. In the linear approximation (cubic terms with no more than two derivatives in the Lagrangians and linear terms with no more than one derivative in gauge transformations) we investigate possible self-interaction, interactio…
We apply Fradkin-Vasiliev formalism to construction of non-trivial cubic interaction vertices for massive spin-2 particles. In this first paper as a relatively simple but instructive example we consider self-interaction and gravitational interaction of partially massless spin-2.
In this Letter we consider the problem of partial masslessness and unitarity in (A)dS using gauge invariant description of massive high spin particles. We show that for S = 2 and S = 3 cases such formalism allows one correctly reproduce all known results. Then we construct a gauge invariant formulation for massive particles of arbitrary integer spin s in arbitrary space-time dimension d. For d = 4 our results confirm the conjecture made recently by Deser and Waldron.
We investigate in which sense, at the linearized level, one can extend the 3D topologically massive gravity theory beyond three dimensions. We show that, for each k=1,2,3... a free topologically massive gauge theory in 4k-1 dimensions can be defined describing a massive "spin-2" particle provided one uses a non-standard representation of the massive "spin-2" state which makes use of a two-column Young tableau where each column is of height 2k-1. We work out the case of k=2, i.e. 7D, and show, by canonical analysis, that the model describes, unitarily, 35 massive "spin-2" degrees of freedom. Th…
We compute the Pauli-Jordan, Hadamard and Feynman propagators for the massive metrical perturbations on de Sitter space. They are expressed both in terms of mode sums and in invariant forms.
We present new model of D=4 relativistic massive particle with spin and we describe its quantization. The model is obtained by an extension of standard relativistic phase space description of massive spinless particle by adding new topological Souriau-Wess-Zumino term which depends on spin fourvector variable. We describe equivalently our model as given by the free two-twistor action with suitable constraints. An important tool in our derivation is the spin-dependent twistor shift, which modifies standard Penrose incidence relations. The quantization of the model provides the wave function wit…
We give an explicit component Lagrangian construction of massive higher spin on-shell $N=1$ supermultiplets in four-dimensional Anti-de Sitter space $AdS_4$. We use a frame-like gauge invariant description of massive higher spin bosonic and fermionic fields. For the two types of the supermultiplets (with integer and half-integer superspins) each one containing two massive bosonic and two massive fermionic fields we derive the supertransformations leaving the sum of four their free Lagrangians invariant such that the algebra of these supertransformations is closed on-shell.
In this work we construct a gauge invariant description of free massive particle with an arbitrary integer spin. Such description allows one to investigate the problem of consistent interactions for massive high spin particles using the requirement that the whole interaction Lagrangian must be gauge invariant. As a first example of such approach, we consider the case of electromagnetic interaction of massive spin-2 particle: a linear approximation in a case of the arbitrary field and a full theory for the homogeneous electromagnetic field in the space-time of any dimensionality.
Twistor formulation of massive arbitrary spin particle has been constructed. Twistor space of such particle is formed two twistors and two complex scalars which form together 'bosonic supertwistor'. The formulation is deduced from space-time one for spinning particle by means of introducing auxiliary harmonic variables and consequent partial fixing of gauges. It is carried out the canonical quantization of twistor massive particle with nonzero spin. It is found the eigenvalues of Casimir operators on particle states and harmonic expansion of wave function in spectrum.
With an appropriate choice of parameters, a higher derivative theory of gravity can describe a normal massive sector and a ghost massless sector. We show that, when defined on an asymptotically de Sitter spacetime with Dirichlet boundary conditions, such a higher derivative gravity can provide a framework for a unitary theory of massive gravity in four spacetime dimensions. The resulting theory is free not only of higher derivative ghosts but also of the Boulware-Deser mode.
An example of a consistent theory with massive higher spin fields is constructed in flat space-time of dimension three. The action is written in the light-cone gauge. The theory has certain stringy features, e.g. its spectrum is unbounded in spin and mass, the theory admits Chan-Paton factors. The quartic and the higher tree-level amplitudes vanish, which softens the UV behaviour at the loop level and provides a new mechanism of how massive higher spin states can resolve the Quantum Gravity Problem.
Using BRST-BV formulation of relativistic dynamics, we study arbitrary spin massive and massless fields propagating in flat space. Generating functions of gauge invariant off-shell cubic interaction vertices for mixed-symmetry and totally symmetric fields are obtained. For the case of totally symmetric fields, we derive restrictions on the allowed values of spins and the number of derivatives, which provide a classification of cubic interaction vertices for such fields. As by product, we present simple expressions for the Yang-Mills and gravitational interactions of massive totally symmetric a…
In this paper we give an explicit construction of unfolded equations for massive higher spin supermultiplets of the minimal (1,0) supersymmetry in AdS_3 space. For that purpose we use an unfolded formulation for massive bosonic and fermionic higher spins and find supertransformations leaving appropriate set of unfolded equations invariant. We provide two general supermultiplets (s, s+1/2) and (s, s-1/2) with arbitrary integer s, as well as a number of lower spin examples.
Here we obtain all possible second-order theories for a rank-2 tensor which describe a massive spin-2 particle. We start with a general second-order Lagrangian with ten real parameters. The absence of lower spin modes and the existence of two local field redefinitions leads us to only one free parameter. The solutions split into three one-parameter classes according to the local symmetries of the massless limit. In the class which contains the usual massive Fierz-Pauli theory, the subset of spin-1 massless symmetries is maximal. In another class where the subset of spin-0 symmetries is maximal…
The general model of an arbitrary spin massive particle in any dimensional space-time is derived on the basis of Kirillov - Kostant - Souriau approach. It is shown that the model allows consistent coupling to an arbitrary background of electromagnetic and gravitational fields.
We reconsider a massive dual spin 2 field theory in four spacetime dimensions. We obtain the Lagrangian that describes the lowest order coupling of the field to the four-dimensional curl of its own energy-momentum tensor. We then find some static solutions for the dual field produced by other energy-momentum sources and we compare these to similar static solutions for non-dual "finite range" gravity. Finally, through use of a nonlinear field redefinition, we show the theory is the exact dual of the Ogievetsky-Polubarinov model for a massive spin 2 field.
It is a well-known fact that helicity is a Lorentz-invariant for massless but not for massive particles. Nevertheless, a satisfactory proof of this fact and a detailed analysis on the relative orientation between spin and the momentum are not readily available. One such analysis was presented by Wigner where a formula for the angle between the spin and the momentum is derived for massive particle states undergoing two successive boosts in orthogonal directions. In this note, using the Wigner rotation, an alternative derivation is provided.
Free massive higher spin fields in weak background gravitational fields are discussed. Contrary to the spin one case, higher spin fields should have nontrivial non-minimal couplings to the curvature. A precise analysis is given for the spin 2 case, and it is shown that two conditions should be satisfied among five non-minimal coupling constants, which we derive both in the Hamiltonian and Lagrangian formalisms. It is checked that the linearized limit of the massive gravity theory indeed has the non-minimal couplings that satisfy the conditions. We also discuss the form of the non-minimal coupl…
The equations of motion that must be satisfied by fields that constitute realizations of the Poincare group algebra, for integral spin, and mass m, are obtained. For the case of massive spin 2 these equations are satisfied by the selfdual, intermediate and the linear topologically massive models, whose actions are connected by duality transformations. These duality transformations incorporate the gauge invariances that distinguish one action from the other. The relation between their partition functions is briefly discussed.
The transition amplitude is obtained for a free massive particle of arbitrary spin by calculating the path integral in the index-spinor formulation within the BFV-BRST approach. None renormalizations of the path integral measure were applied. The calculation has given the Weinberg propagator written in the index-free form with the use of index spinor. The choice of boundary conditions on the index spinor determines holomorphic or antiholomorphic representation for the canonical description of particle/antiparticle spin.
An Abelian gauge theory describing dynamics of massive spin one bosons is constructed. This is achieved by appending to the Maxwell action, a gauge invariant mass term. The theory is quantised in temporal as well as Lorentz gauge, and the corresponding Hilbert spaces are constructed. In both the gauges, it is found that, the theory respects Lorentz invariance, locality, causality and unitarity.
Lagrangian formulation of free massive fields corresponding to irreducible representations of the Poincare group of arbitrary integer and half-integer spins in three-dimensional space-time is presented. A relationship of the theory under consideration with the self-duality equations in four dimensions is discussed.
We construct the Lagrangian formulation of massive higher spin on-shell (1,0) supermultiplets in three dimensional anti-de Sitter space. The construction is based on description of the massive three dimensional fields in terms of frame-like gauge invariant formalism and technique of gauge invariant curvatures. For the two possible massive supermultiplets (s,s+1/2) and (s,s-1/2) we derive explicit form of the supertransformations leaving the sum of bosonic and fermionic Lagrangians invariant.
Massive and massless arbitrary integer spin fields propagating in four-dimensional flat space are studied. The massive and massless fields are treated by using a light-cone gauge helicity basis formalism. Cubic cross-interactions between massive and massless fields and cubic interactions between massive fields are investigated. We introduce a classification of such cubic interactions and using our classification we build all cubic interaction vertices. Realization of generators of the Poincare algebra on space of interacting fields is found. As a by-product, some illustrative examples of light…
We propose a new, chiral description for massive higher-spin particles in four spacetime dimensions, which facilitates the introduction of consistent interactions. As proof of concept, we formulate three theories, in which higher-spin matter is coupled to electrodynamics, non-Abelian gauge theory or gravity. The theories are chiral and have simple Lagrangians, resulting in Feynman rules analogous to those of massive scalars. Starting from these Feynman rules, we derive tree-level scattering amplitudes with two higher-spin matter particles and any number of positive-helicity photons, gluons or …
We review the extrapolation of the single-particle string spectrum on AdS(5)xS(5) to the Higher Spin enhancement point and the successful comparison of the resulting spectrum with the one of single-trace gauge-invariant operators in N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. We also describe how to decompose the common spectrum in terms of massless and massive representations of the relevant Higher Spin symmetry group. Based on the lecture delivered by M. Bianchi at the First Solvay Conference on Higher-Spin Gauge Theories held in Bruxelles, on May 12-14, 2004.
In this work we apply the Fradkin-Vasiliev formalism based on the frame-like gauge invariant description of the massive and massless spin 2 to the construction of the cubic interactions vertices for massive spin 2 self-interaction as well as its gravitational interaction. In the first case we show that the vertex can be reduced (by field redefinitions) to the set of the trivially gauge invariant terms. There are four such terms which are not equivalent om-shell and do not contain more than four derivatives. Moreover, one their particular combination reproduces the minimal (with no more than tw…
This paper has been withdrawn by the author because similar published work on the topic was overlooked. See S. Deser and A. Waldron, Nucl. Phys. B 631, 369-387 (2002).
