Retina organoids：神经系统生物物理学的窗口
Retina organoids: Window into the biophysics of neuronal systems
摘要：
人类视网膜具有一种磁性，吸引了神经科学家和物理学家的目光。它作为一个自组织系统是有吸引力的，它通过生物化学和机械线索形成为中枢神经系统的一部分。视网膜作为一种电光装置也很有趣，它将光子转换成电压，在信号发送到我们的大脑之前进行实时过滤。在这里，我们考虑干细胞衍生的视网膜体外类似物（称为视网膜类器官）的出现，开辟了复杂神经元网络中光学，电学和力学之间相互作用的探索，所有这些都在培养皿中。这篇评论提出了国家的最先进的视网膜类器官的协议，强调在体内视网膜发生的生化和机械信号的联系。主动信号处理的电生理记录成为可能，因为视网膜类器官产生光敏和突触连接的光感受器。实验生物物理工具提供数据，以指导在不同粗粒化水平下运行的数学模型的开发。同时，他们提供了一种研究机械因素如何引导视网膜自组装的方法。反过来，这种理解告知了定制神经元网络形态生长所需的机械信号的工程。解决视网膜中复杂的发育和计算过程需要结合实验和理论，物理学和生物学的跨学科努力。奖励是诱人的：在接下来的几年里，视网膜类器官可以提供一个同时细胞自组装和信号处理机制的内部一瞥，所有这些都是在体外环境中进行的。
英文摘要：
With a kind of magnetism, the human retina draws the eye of neuroscientist and physicist alike. It is attractive as a self-organizing system, which forms as a part of the central nervous system via biochemical and mechanical cues. The retina is also intriguing as an electro-optical device, converting photons into voltages to perform on-the-fly filtering before the signals are sent to our brain. Here, we consider how the advent of stem cell derived in vitro analogs of the retina, termed retina organoids, opens up an exploration of the interplay between optics, electrics, and mechanics in a complex neuronal network, all in a Petri dish. This review presents state-of-the-art retina organoid protocols by emphasizing links to the biochemical and mechanical signals of in vivo retinogenesis. Electrophysiological recording of active signal processing becomes possible as retina organoids generate light sensitive and synaptically connected photoreceptors. Experimental biophysical tools provide data to steer the development of mathematical models operating at different levels of coarse-graining. In concert, they provide a means to study how mechanical factors guide retina self-assembly. In turn, this understanding informs the engineering of mechanical signals required to tailor the growth of neuronal network morphology. Tackling the complex developmental and computational processes in the retina requires an interdisciplinary endeavor combining experiment and theory, physics, and biology. The reward is enticing: in the next few years, retina organoids could offer a glimpse inside the machinery of simultaneous cellular self-assembly and signal processing, all in an in vitro setting.
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