在1915-1955年间测试广义相对论：现代宇宙学的黎明
Testing General Relativity on the Largest Scales in the Years 1915-1955: the Dawning of Modern Cosmology
AI总结：
本文探讨了1915-1955年间广义相对论在宇宙学中的应用与发展，从静态模型到动态宇宙学的转变，以及观测数据对理论发展的推动作用。
摘要：
在提出广义相对论的三个经典观测检验后不久，爱因斯坦意识到对整个宇宙的一致描述为理论提出了另一个重要挑战。本文回顾了广义相对论如何在宇宙学这一新兴领域中找到重要应用，从爱因斯坦和德西特的静态模型到弗里德曼和勒梅特的膨胀宇宙学。到1930年代初，首批初步的天文证据表明宇宙膨胀，引发了向动态宇宙学的范式转变，几乎所有都建立在广义相对论框架内。然而，由于观测数据的匮乏，进一步进展在几年内受到阻碍。到了1950年代，稳态模型与大爆炸模型之间的争论为确定相对论宇宙模型的关键参数提供了新的刺激，为当今的精密宇宙学奠定了基础。
英文摘要：
Soon after he proposed three classic observational tests for the general theory of relativity, Einstein realised that a consistent description of the universe as a whole provided another important challenge for the theory. In this essay, we recall how general relativity found important application in the nascent field of cosmology, from the static models of Einstein and de Sitter to the expanding cosmologies of Friedmann and Lemaitre. By the early 1930s, the first tentative astronomical evidence of cosmic expansion had trigged a paradigm shift to dynamic cosmologies, almost all of which were couched firmly within the framework of general relativity. However, further progress was impeded for some years by a paucity of observational data. In the 1950s, the debate between steady-state and big bang models of the universe provided a new stimulus for the quest to determine key parameters of relativistic models of the cosmos by astronomical observation, setting the stage for today's precision cosmology.
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