核坍缩超新星中的激波喷流可为快速蓝色光学暂现源的多样性提供能量
Shocked jets in CCSNe can power the zoo of fast blue optical transients
AI总结：
本文提出富氢坍缩恒星发射的相对论性喷流与恒星相互作用形成激波茧层，其冷却辐射可同时解释快速蓝色光学暂现源的光学、射电和X射线多波段观测特征，并排除了非准直外流模型。
摘要：
越来越多的证据表明，近期在恒星形成星系中对快速蓝色光学暂现源（FBOTs）的多波段探测构成了一类新的暂现源，其起源尚待理解。我们表明，在中心引擎附近发射相对论性喷流的富氢坍缩恒星可以自然地解释FBOTs的全部观测特征。喷流与恒星的相互作用形成了一个温和相对论性的激波喷流（内茧层）成分，该成分驱动冷却辐射，在最初几周内主导高速光学信号，典型能量为$ \sim 10^{50}-10^{51} $ erg。在此期间，茧层的径向能量分布意味着光学光变曲线呈现$ L \propto t^{-2.4} $的快速衰减。几周后，当发射壳层的速度约为$ 0.01 $ c时，茧层变得透明，冷却包层主导辐射。茧层与致密星周风之间的相互作用在射电波段产生同步辐射自吸收辐射，其特征是在一个月的时间尺度上稳定上升。几个月后，相对论性外流减速，进入观测者视线方向，并驱动射电光变曲线达到峰值，此后迅速衰减。喷流（以及内茧层）在坍缩后约一天对X射线变得光学薄，使得X射线光子能够从发射喷流的中心引擎扩散到观测者。茧层冷却辐射的预期体积率比伽马射线暴（GRBs）高出数倍，与FBOTs类似。我们排除了非准直外流，但GRB喷流和失败的准直喷流都与所有观测特征相容。
英文摘要：
Evidence is mounting that recent multiwavelength detections of fast blue optical transients (FBOTs) in star-forming galaxies comprise a new class of transients, whose origin is yet to be understood. We show that hydrogen-rich collapsing stars that launch relativistic jets near the central engine can naturally explain the entire set of FBOT observables. The jet-star interaction forms a mildly-relativistic shocked jet (inner cocoon) component, which powers cooling emission that dominates the high velocity optical signal during the first few weeks, with a typical energy of $ \sim 10^{50}-10^{51} $ erg. During this time, the cocoon radial energy distribution implies that the optical lightcurve exhibits a fast decay of $ L \propto t^{-2.4} $. After a few weeks, when the velocity of the emitting shell is $ \sim 0.01 $ c, the cocoon becomes transparent, and the cooling envelope governs the emission. The interaction between the cocoon and the dense circumstellar winds generates synchrotron self-absorbed emission in the radio bands, featuring a steady rise on a month timescale. After a few months the relativistic outflow decelerates, enters the observer's line of sight, and powers the peak of the radio lightcurve, which rapidly decays thereafter. The jet (and the inner cocoon) become optically thin to X-rays $ \sim $ day after the collapse, allowing X-ray photons to diffuse from the central engine that launched the jet to the observer. Cocoon cooling emission is expected at higher volumetric rates than gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) by a factor of a few, similar to FBOTs. We rule out uncollimated outflows, however both GRB jets and failed collimated jets are compatible with all observables.
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