Orestes Bueno, Carlos Calderon, John Cotrina
In this note we are interested in a relevant generalized Nash equilibrium problem, which was proposed by Rosen in 1965. An existence result is established in the general setting of quasiconvexity, which is independent from the one given by Aussel and Dutta in 2008.
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In this paper we consider continuity of the set of Nash equilibria and approximate Nash equilibria for parameterized games. For parameterized games with unique Nash equilibria, the continuity of this equilibrium mapping is well-known. However, when the equilibria need not be unique, there may exist discontinuities in the equilibrium mapping. The focus of this work is to summarize continuity properties for parameterized Nash equilibria and prove continuity via the approximate Nash game with uniformly continuous objective functions over potentially non-compact strategy spaces.
We observe that a significant class of Nash equilibrium problems in non-potential games can be associated with monotone inclusion problems. We propose splitting techniques to solve such problems and establish their convergence. Applications to generalized Nash equilibria, zero-sum games, and cyclic proximity problems are demonstrated.
Remarks on projected solutions for generalized Nash games
本文研究广义纳什均衡问题的投影解，给出非紧致策略集下投影解的新存在性结果，分析Rosen广义纳什博弈中投影解与纳什均衡的关系，证明博弈的投影解对应另一博弈的纳什均衡。
We investigate the set of Nash equilibrium payoffs for two person differential games. The main result of the paper is the characterization of the set of Nash equilibrium payoffs in the terms of nonsmooth analysis. Also we obtain the sufficient conditions for a pair of continuous function to provide a Nash equilibrium. This result generalizes the method of system of Hamilton-Jacobi equations.
We consider a class of N-player stochastic games of multi-dimensional singular control, in which each player faces a minimization problem of monotone-follower type with submodular costs. We call these games "monotone-follower games". In a not necessarily Markovian setting, we establish the existence of Nash equilibria. Moreover, we introduce a sequence of approximating games by restricting, for each natural number n, the players' admissible strategies to the set of Lipschitz processes with Lipschitz constant bounded by n. We prove that, for each n, there exists a Nash equilibrium of the approx…
Distributed Nash Equilibrium Seeking in Non-Monotone Games over the Simplex
本文研究单纯形上非单调凸博弈的分布式纳什均衡求解问题，通过香农熵正则化和多目标优化刻画近似均衡，并提出两种分布式启发式算法。
We present a unified framework for characterizing local Nash equilibria in continuous games on either infinite-dimensional or finite-dimensional non-convex strategy spaces. We provide intrinsic necessary and sufficient first- and second-order conditions ensuring strategies constitute local Nash equilibria. We term points satisfying the sufficient conditions differential Nash equilibria. Further, we provide a sufficient condition (non-degeneracy) guaranteeing differential Nash equilibria are isolated and show that such equilibria are structurally stable. We present tutorial examples to illustra…
Distributed Nash equilibrium seeking of aggregative games is investigated and a continuous-time algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is designed by virtue of projected gradient play dynamics and distributed average tracking dynamics, and is applicable to games with constrained strategy sets and weight-balanced communication graphs. We obtain an exponential convergence of the proposed algorithm to the Nash equilibrium. Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of our methods.
In this paper we introduce the concept of split Nash equilibrium problems associated with two related noncooperative strategic games. Then we apply the Fan-KKM theorem to prove the existence of solutions to split Nash equilibrium problems of related noncooperative strategic games, in which the strategy sets of the players are nonempty closed and convex subsets in Banach spaces. As application of this existence to economics, an example is provided to study the existence of split Nash equilibrium of utilities of two related economies. As applications, we study the existence of split Nash equilib…
Computing normalized Nash equilibria for generalized Nash games with nonconvex players
本文提出了一种无需凸性假设的方法，用于计算具有非凸玩家的广义纳什游戏的归一化纳什均衡。
For a mean field game model with a major and infinite minor players, we characterize a notion of Nash equilibrium via a system of so-called master equations, namely a system of nonlinear transport equations in the space of measures. Then, for games with a finite number N of minor players and a major player, we prove that the solution of the corresponding Nash system converges to the solution of the system of master equations as N tends to infinity.
The generalized Nash game proposed by Rosen
本文研究Rosen提出的带共享约束的广义纳什博弈，通过归约为经典博弈并利用变分不等式方法，建立了广义纳什均衡的充要条件及非紧情形下的存在性结果。
Computing Approximate Nash Equilibria for Integer Programming Games
本研究针对带非线性收益的整数规划博弈，提出基于目标函数绝对近似与分段线性近似的近似纳什均衡计算框架，证明近似因子加倍的等价性，实验验证了方法的计算有效性。
Fast Distributed Nash Equilibrium Seeking in Monotone Games
本文针对单调凸博弈提出一种基于算子外推的分布式纳什均衡求解算法，在参与者仅能通过通信图与邻居交互的条件下实现几何收敛，并优于已有方法的收敛速度。
In this paper, we study a nonzero-sum stochastic differential game in Markovian framework. We show the existence of the Nash equilibrium point which is discontinuous and of bang-bang type under natural conditions. The main tool is the notion of backward stochastic differential equations which, in our case, are multidimensional with discontinuous generators with respect to z component.
We consider multi-agent decision making, where each agent optimizes its cost function subject to constraints. Agents' actions belong to a compact convex Euclidean space and the agents' cost functions are coupled. We propose a distributed payoff-based algorithm to learn Nash equilibria in the game between agents. Each agent uses only information about its current cost value to compute its next action. We prove convergence of the proposed algorithm to a Nash equilibrium in the game leveraging established results on stochastic processes. The performance of the algorithm is analyzed with a numeric…
We establish the existence of fixed points for set-valued maps defined on metric spaces and satisfying a pointwise or a local version of Banach's contraction property. As an application, we demonstrate the existence of Nash equilibrium in a general class of strategic games played on metric spaces of strategies.
Computing all Nash equilibria of low-rank bi-matrix games
本文研究低秩受约束双矩阵博弈，提出将其归约为更小等价博弈的框架及充要条件，并基于顶点枚举、多面体运算和向量线性规划提出三种计算极值纳什均衡的方法，数值案例验证了其有效性。
We consider multi-agent decision making where each agent optimizes its convex cost function subject to individual and coupling constraints. The constraint sets are compact convex subsets of a Euclidean space. To learn Nash equilibria, we propose a novel distributed payoff-based algorithm, such that each agent uses information only about its cost function values and the constraint function values with their associated dual multiplier. We prove convergence of this algorithm to a Nash equilibrium, under the assumption that the game admits a strictly convex potential function. In the absence of co…
This paper studies an asymptotic solvability problem for linear quadratic (LQ) mean field games with controlled diffusions and indefinite weights for the state and control in the costs. We employ a rescaling approach to derive a low dimensional Riccati ordinary differential equation (ODE) system, which characterizes a necessary and sufficient condition for asymptotic solvability. The rescaling technique is further used for performance estimates, establishing an $O(1/N)$-Nash equilibrium for the obtained decentralized strategies.
In this paper, we aim to design a distributed approximate algorithm for seeking Nash equilibria of an aggregative game. Due to the local set constraints of each player, projectionbased algorithms have been widely employed for solving such problems actually. Since it may be quite hard to get the exact projection in practice, we utilize inscribed polyhedrons to approximate local set constraints, which yields a related approximate game model. We first prove that the Nash equilibrium of the approximate game is the $ε$-Nash equilibrium of the original game, and then propose a distributed algorithm …
We design the first fully-distributed algorithm for generalized Nash equilibrium seeking in aggregative games on a time-varying communication network, under partial-decision information, i.e., the agents have no direct access to the aggregate decision. The algorithm is derived by integrating dynamic tracking into a projected pseudo-gradient algorithm. The convergence analysis relies on the framework of monotone operator splitting and the Krasnosel'skii-Mann fixed-point iteration with errors.
We consider a controlled linear-quadratic (LQ) large-population system with mixture of three types agents: major leader, minor leaders and minor followers. The Stackelberg-Nash-Cournot (SNC) approximate equilibrium is studied by a major-minor mean-field game (MFG) coupled with a leader-follower Stackelberg game. By variational method, the SNC approximate equilibrium strategy can be represented by some forward-backward-stochastic-differential-equations (FBSDEs) in the open-loop sense. And we pay great effort to give the feedback form of the open-loop strategy by some Riccati equations.
The theory of mean field games is a tool to understand noncooperative dynamic stochastic games with a large number of players. Much of the theory has evolved under conditions ensuring uniqueness of the mean field game Nash equilibrium. However, in some situations, typically involving symmetry breaking, non-uniqueness of solutions is an essential feature. To investigate the nature of non-unique solutions, this paper focuses on the technically simple setting where players have one of two states, with continuous time dynamics, and the game is symmetric in the players, and players are restricted t…
Equilibrium convergence in large games
针对大型博弈，本文证明随机策略Nash均衡对应的一般闭图性质，将有限参与者博弈均衡序列的极限与大型博弈均衡联系起来，并应用于均衡选择。
Mean field games with a major player were introduced in (Huang, 2010) within a linear-quadratic (LQ) modeling framework. Due to the rich structure of major-minor player models, the past ten years have seen significant research efforts for different solution notions and analytical techniques. For LQ models, we address the relation between three solution frameworks: the Nash certainty equivalence (NCE) approach in (Huang, 2010), master equations, and asymptotic solvability, which have been developed starting with different ideas. We establish their equivalence relationships.
This paper shows the existence of $\mathcal{O}(\frac{1}{n^γ})$-Nash equilibria in $n$-player noncooperative sum-aggregative games in which the players' cost functions, depending only on their own action and the average of all players' actions, are lower semicontinuous in the former while $γ$-Hölder continuous in the latter. Neither the action sets nor the cost functions need to be convex. For an important class of sum-aggregative games, which includes congestion games with $γ$ equal to 1, a gradient-proximal algorithm is used to construct $\mathcal{O}(\frac{1}{n})$-Nash equilibria with at most…
In the nonzero-sum setting, we establish a connection between Nash equilibria in games of optimal stopping (Dynkin games) and generalised Nash equilibrium problems (GNEP). In the Dynkin game this reveals novel equilibria of threshold type and of more complex types, and leads to novel uniqueness and stability results.
A bimatrix game $(A,B)$ is called a game of rank $k$ if the rank of the matrix $A+B$ is at most $k$. We consider the problem of enumerating the Nash equilibria in (non-degenerate) games of rank 1. In particular, we show that even for games of rank 1 not all equilibria can be reached by a Lemke-Howson path and present a parametric simplex-type algorithm for enumerating all Nash equilibria of a non-degenerate game of rank 1.
It is known that the generalized Nash equilibrium problem can be reformulated as a quasivariational inequality. Our aim in this work is to introduce a variational approach to study the existence of solutions for generalized ordinal Nash games, that is, generalized games where the player preferences are binary relations that do not necessarily admit a utility representation.
If a game has a unique Nash equilibrium, then this equilibrium is arguably the solution of the game from the refinement's literature point of view. However, it might be that for almost all initial conditions, all strategies in the support of this equilibrium are eliminated by the replicator dynamics and the best-reply dynamics.
In this paper, we investigate Nash equilibrium payoffs for nonzero-sum stochastic differential games with reflection. We obtain an existence theorem and a characterization theorem of Nash equilibrium payoffs for nonzero-sum stochastic differential games with nonlinear cost functionals defined by doubly controlled reflected backward stochastic differential equations.
Differential N-players game: Nash equilibria and Mather measures
研究确定性遍历N人博弈的Nash均衡，证明混合策略均衡存在且为Mather测度，并证明其平均场极限由遍历PDE系统描述。
Discretely-constrained Nash-Cournot games have attracted attention as they arise in various competitive energy production settings in which players must make one or more discrete decisions. Gabriel et al. ["Solving discretely-constrained Nash-Cournot games with an application to power markets." Networks and Spatial Economics 13(3), 2013] claim that the set of equilibria to a discretely-constrained Nash-Cournot game coincides with the set of solutions to a corresponding discretely-constrained mixed complementarity problem. We show that this claim is false.
This paper develops a novel methodology to study robust stability properties of Nash equilibrium points in dynamic games. Small-gain techniques in modern mathematical control theory are used for the first time to derive conditions guaranteeing uniqueness and global asymptotic stability of Nash equilibrium point for economic models described by functional difference equations. Specification to a Cournot oligopoly game is studied in detail to demonstrate the power of the proposed methodology.
In this article, we consider generalized Nash games where the associated constraint map is not necessarily self. The classical Nash equilibrium may not exist for such games and therefore we introduce the notion of best approximate solution for such games. We investigate the occurrence of best approximate solutions for such generalized Nash games consisting of infinitely many players in which each player regulates the strategy variable lying in a topological vector space. Based on the maximum theorem and a fixed point result for Kakutani factorizable maps, we derive the existence of best approx…
We study a class of dynamic decision problems of mean field type with time inconsistent cost functionals, and derive a stochastic maximum principle to characterize subgame perfect Nash equilibrium points. Subsequently, this approach is extended to a mean field game to construct decentralized strategies and obtain an estimate of their performance.
This paper is related to nonzero-sum stochastic differential games in the Markovian framework. We show existence of a Nash equilibrium point for the game when the drift is no longer bounded and only satisfies a linear growth condition. The main tool is the notion of backward stochastic differential equations which, in our case, are multidimensional with continuous coefficient and stochastic linear growth.
In this paper, we study Nash equilibrium payoffs for nonzero-sum stochastic differential games via the theory of backward stochastic differential equations. We obtain an existence theorem and a characterization theorem of Nash equilibrium payoffs for nonzero-sum stochastic differential games with nonlinear cost functionals defined with the help of a doubly controlled backward stochastic differential equation. Our results extend former ones by Buckdahn, Cardaliaguet and Rainer (2004) and are based on a backward stochastic differential equation approach.
Nash Equilibria in the Showcase Showdown game with unlimited spins
本文将无限旋转的Showcase Showdown建模为n人连续博弈，求解其纳什均衡策略，并分析信息可见性、平局与收益方式等变体。
Feedback Nash equilibria for scalar N-player linear quadratic dynamic games
本文针对标量线性二次N人动态博弈，提出反馈纳什均衡的图形表示，并据此推导均衡数量与性质的条件，通过数值算例验证。
We study stochastic mean-field games among finite number of teams with large finite as well as infinite number of decision makers. For this class of games within static and dynamic settings, we establish the existence of a Nash equilibrium, and show that a Nash equilibrium exhibits exchangeability in the finite decision maker regime and symmetry in the infinite one. To arrive at these existence and structural theorems, we endow the set of randomized policies with a suitable topology under various decentralized information structures, which leads to the desired convexity and compactness of the …
In this paper, we introduce the concept of infinitely split Nash equilibrium in repeated games in which the profile sets are chain-complete posets. Then by using a fixed point theorem on posets in [8], we prove an existence theorem. As an application, we study the repeated extended Bertrant duopoly model of price competition.
This paper aims to design a distributed coordination algorithm for solving a multi-agent decision problem with a hierarchical structure. The primary goal is to search the Nash equilibrium of a noncooperative game such that each player has no incentive to deviate from the equilibrium under its private objective. Meanwhile, the agents can coordinate to optimize the social cost within the set of Nash equilibria of the underlying game. Such an optimal Nash equilibrium problem can be modeled as a distributed optimization problem with variational inequality constraints. We consider the scenario wher…
We propose local symplectic surgery, a two-timescale procedure for finding local Nash equilibria in two-player zero-sum games. We first show that previous gradient-based algorithms cannot guarantee convergence to local Nash equilibria due to the existence of non-Nash stationary points. By taking advantage of the differential structure of the game, we construct an algorithm for which the local Nash equilibria are the only attracting fixed points. We also show that the algorithm exhibits no oscillatory behaviors in neighborhoods of equilibria and show that it has the same per-iteration complexit…
We consider both discrete and continuous time finite state-action stochastic games. In discrete time stochastic games, it is known that a stationary Blackwell-Nash equilibrium (BNE) exists for a single controller additive reward (SC-AR) stochastic game which is a special case of a general stochastic game. We show that, in general, the additive reward condition is needed for the existence of a BNE. We give an example of a single controller stochastic game which does not satisfy additive reward condition. We show that this example does not have a stationary BNE. For a general discrete time disco…
Multilinear formulations for computing Nash equilibrium of multi-player matrix games
本文提出多线性和混合整数多线性规划来计算多人非合作博弈的 Nash 均衡，实验表明多线性可行性规划速度快于 Gambit 中的常见算法，是寻找多人博弈 Nash 均衡的有效替代方法。
Existence of Multilateral Nash equilibria for families of games
本文提出多边纳什均衡和游戏族的概念，证明在游戏族中存在多边均衡，并利用Kneser图的克里夫覆盖数作为关键工具。
The solvability and a Stackelberg-Nash game problem for degenerate elliptic equations
本研究通过加权Sobolev不等式与紧嵌入技术，研究退化椭圆方程弱解空间性质，并应用于证明Stackelberg-Nash博弈均衡的存在性。
Asymptotic Nash Equilibria of Finite-State Ergodic Markovian Mean Field Games
该研究针对有限状态遍历马尔可夫平均场博弈，证明MFG解与主方程策略均生成n人博弈的(C/√n)-纳什均衡，建立相关经验测度大偏差原理，通过数值方法对比均衡策略并推导二维速率函数显式形式。
Variance strikes back: sub-game--perfect Nash equilibria in time-inconsistent $N$-player games, and their mean-field sequel
本文研究了时间不一致N玩家游戏中的子游戏完美纳什均衡及其均场后续，通过耦合反向随机微分方程分析并证明了其收敛性。
Quadratic Programming Approach for Nash Equilibrium Computation in Multiplayer Imperfect-Information Games
针对多人非完美信息博弈，提出基于序列形式非线性互补问题的二次约束规划方法，利用非凸二次规划求解器精确计算纳什均衡，在三玩家Kuhn扑克中优于Gambit的logit方法。
We study a static game played by a finite number of agents, in which agents are assigned independent and identically distributed random types and each agent minimizes its objective function by choosing from a set of admissible actions that depends on its type. The game is anonymous in the sense that the objective function of each agent depends on the actions of other agents only through the empirical distribution of their type-action pairs. We study the asymptotic behavior of Nash equilibria, as the number of agents tends to infinity, first by deriving laws of large numbers characterizes almos…
Lie-Bracket Nash Equilibrium Seeking with Bounded Update Rates for Noncooperative Games
本文提出一种基于分布式李括号极值搜索的无模型方法，用于二次非合作博弈中纳什均衡的局部收敛，通过李括号近似和李雅普诺夫直接法进行稳定性分析，并量化残差集大小，在寡头垄断示例上验证了理论结果。
Successful algorithms have been developed for computing Nash equilibrium in a variety of finite game classes. However, solving continuous games -- in which the pure strategy space is (potentially uncountably) infinite -- is far more challenging. Nonetheless, many real-world domains have continuous action spaces, e.g., where actions refer to an amount of time, money, or other resource that is naturally modeled as being real-valued as opposed to integral. We present a new algorithm for {approximating} Nash equilibrium strategies in continuous games. In addition to two-player zero-sum games, our …
Concurrent learning-based online approximate feedback-Nash equilibrium solution of N-player nonzero-sum differential games
本文提出一种并发学习的actor-critic-identifier架构，用于在线求解无限时间 horizon N玩家非零和微分博弈的近似反馈-纳什均衡解，无需持续激励（PE）条件。在比PE更温和的条件下，证明了所开发控制策略的统一最终有界收敛性。
Mean field game (MFG) systems consisting of a major agent and a large number of minor agents were introduced in (Huang, 2010) in an LQG setup. The Nash certainty equivalence was used to obtain a Markovian closed-loop Nash equilibrium for the limiting system when the number of minor agents tends to infinity. In the past years several approaches to major--minor mean field game problems have been developed, principally (i) the Nash certainty equivalence and analytic approach, (ii) master equations, (iii) asymptotic solvability, and (iv) the probabilistic approach. For the LQG case, the recent wor…
Nash equilibria for non zero-sum ergodic stochastic differential games
本文研究了多智能体控制过程漂移的非零和博弈，其收益依赖于过程的平稳行为，通过建立平稳BSDE系统，证明了在广义Isaac条件下的纳什均衡存在，并探讨了不同类型的交互玩家情况。
We consider the problem of computing a mixed-strategy generalized Nash equilibrium (MS-GNE) for a class of games where each agent has both continuous and integer decision variables. Specifically, we propose a novel Bregman forward-reflected-backward splitting and design distributed algorithms that exploit the problem structure. Technically, we prove convergence to a variational MS-GNE under mere monotonicity and Lipschitz continuity assumptions, which are typical of continuous GNE problems. Finally, we show the performance of our algorithms via numerical experiments.
We solve the stochastic generalized Nash equilibrium (SGNE) problem in merely monotone games with expected value cost functions. Specifically, we present the first distributed SGNE seeking algorithm for monotone games that requires one proximal computation (e.g., one projection step) and one pseudogradient evaluation per iteration. Our main contribution is to extend the relaxed forward-backward operator splitting by Malitsky (Mathematical Programming, 2019) to the stochastic case and in turn to show almost sure convergence to a SGNE when the expected value of the pseudogradient is approximated…
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