Acronyms are abbreviated units of a phrase constructed by using initial components of the phrase in a text. Automatic extraction of acronyms from a text can help various Natural Language Processing tasks like machine translation, information retrieval, and text summarisation. This paper discusses an ensemble approach for the task of Acronym Extraction, which utilises two different methods to extract acronyms and their corresponding long forms. The first method utilises a multilingual contextual language model and fine-tunes the model to perform the task. The second method relies on a convolutional neural network architecture to extract acronyms and append them to the output of the previous method. We also augment the official training dataset with additional training samples extracted from several open-access journals to help improve the task performance. Our dataset analysis also highlights the noise within the current task dataset. Our approach achieves the following macro-F1 scores on test data released with the task: Danish (0.74), English-Legal (0.72), English-Scientific (0.73), French (0.63), Persian (0.57), Spanish (0.65), Vietnamese (0.65). We release our code and models publicly.
Siemens AG（西门子股份公司）；University of Munich (LMU)（慕尼黑大学（路德维希-马克西米利安-慕尼黑大学））
This paper presents our findings from participating in the multilingual acronym extraction shared task SDU@AAAI-22. The task consists of acronym extraction from documents in 6 languages within scientific and legal domains. To address multilingual acronym extraction we employed BiLSTM-CRF with multilingual XLM-RoBERTa embeddings. We pretrained the XLM-RoBERTa model on the shared task corpus to further adapt XLM-RoBERTa embeddings to the shared task domain(s). Our system (team: SMR-NLP) achieved competitive performance for acronym extraction across all the languages.
University of Oregon（俄勒冈大学）；Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）；Adobe Research（Adobe研究院）
Acronym extraction is the task of identifying acronyms and their expanded forms in texts that is necessary for various NLP applications. Despite major progress for this task in recent years, one limitation of existing AE research is that they are limited to the English language and certain domains (i.e., scientific and biomedical). As such, challenges of AE in other languages and domains is mainly unexplored. Lacking annotated datasets in multiple languages and domains has been a major issue to hinder research in this area. To address this limitation, we propose a new dataset for multilingual …
College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University（湖南大学电气与信息工程学院）；National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所模式识别国家重点实验室）；School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学人工智能学院）
Acronym extraction aims to find acronyms (i.e., short-forms) and their meanings (i.e., long-forms) from the documents, which is important for scientific document understanding (SDU@AAAI-22) tasks. Previous works are devoted to modeling this task as a paragraph-level sequence labeling problem. However, it lacks the effective use of the external knowledge, especially when the datasets are in a low-resource setting. Recently, the prompt-based method with the vast pre-trained language model can significantly enhance the performance of the low-resourced downstream tasks. In this paper, we propose a…
The automatic extraction of acronyms and their meaning from corpora is an important sub-task of text mining. It can be seen as a special case of string alignment, where a text chunk is aligned with an acronym. Alternative alignments have different cost, and ideally the least costly one should give the correct meaning of the acronym. We show how this approach can be implemented by means of a 3-tape weighted finite-state machine (3-WFSM) which reads a text chunk on tape 1 and an acronym on tape 2, and generates all alternative alignments on tape 3. The 3-WFSM can be automatically generated from …
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur（印度理工学院卡拉格普尔分校）
Acronyms and long-forms are commonly found in research documents, more so in documents from scientific and legal domains. Many acronyms used in such documents are domain-specific and are very rarely found in normal text corpora. Owing to this, transformer-based NLP models often detect OOV (Out of Vocabulary) for acronym tokens, especially for non-English languages, and their performance suffers while linking acronyms to their long forms during extraction. Moreover, pretrained transformer models like BERT are not specialized to handle scientific and legal documents. With these points being the …
Distantly supervised models are very popular for relation extraction since we can obtain a large amount of training data using the distant supervision method without human annotation. In distant supervision, a sentence is considered as a source of a tuple if the sentence contains both entities of the tuple. However, this condition is too permissive and does not guarantee the presence of relevant relation-specific information in the sentence. As such, distantly supervised training data contains much noise which adversely affects the performance of the models. In this paper, we propose a self-en…
National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health（美国国立卫生研究院国家医学图书馆国家生物技术信息中心）；University of Kentucky（肯塔基大学）
Text mining the relations between chemicals and proteins is an increasingly important task. The CHEMPROT track at BioCreative VI aims to promote the development and evaluation of systems that can automatically detect the chemical-protein relations in running text (PubMed abstracts). This manuscript describes our submission, which is an ensemble of three systems, including a Support Vector Machine, a Convolutional Neural Network, and a Recurrent Neural Network. Their output is combined using a decision based on majority voting or stacking. Our CHEMPROT system obtained 0.7266 in precision and 0.…
University of Minnesota（明尼苏达大学）；Dartmouth College（达特茅斯学院）；Mayo Clinic（梅奥诊所）；The University of Texas Health Science Center（德克萨斯大学健康科学中心）
Our objective in this study is to investigate the behavior of Boolean operators on combining annotation output from multiple Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems across multiple corpora and to assess how filtering by aggregation of Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Metathesaurus concepts affects system performance for Named Entity Recognition (NER) of UMLS concepts. We used three corpora annotated for UMLS concepts: 2010 i2b2 VA challenge set (31,161 annotations), Multi-source Integrated Platform for Answering Clinical Questions (MiPACQ) corpus (17,457 annotations including UMLS conc…
University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland（瑞士西部应用科学与艺术大学）；Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics（瑞士生物信息学研究所）；University of Geneva（日内瓦大学）
Chemical patent documents describe a broad range of applications holding key reaction and compound information, such as chemical structure, reaction formulas, and molecular properties. These informational entities should be first identified in text passages to be utilized in downstream tasks. Text mining provides means to extract relevant information from chemical patents through information extraction techniques. As part of the Information Extraction task of the Cheminformatics Elsevier Melbourne University challenge, in this work we study the effectiveness of contextualized language models t…
Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis is the most granular form of sentiment analysis that can be performed on the documents / sentences. Besides delivering the most insights at a finer grain, it also poses equally daunting challenges. One of them being the shortage of labelled data. To bring in value right out of the box for the text data being generated at a very fast pace in today's world, unsupervised aspect-based sentiment analysis allows us to generate insights without investing time or money in generating labels. From topic modelling approaches to recent deep learning-based aspect extraction …
F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd（罗氏公司）；Roche Müstahzarları San A.S.（罗氏制药工业股份公司）；Roche (China) Holding Ltd.（罗氏（中国）控股有限公司）；Roche S.p.A.（罗氏股份公司）；Roche Innovation Center Basel（罗氏巴塞尔创新中心）
The BioCreative VII Track 3 challenge focused on the identification of medication names in Twitter user timelines. For our submission to this challenge, we expanded the available training data by using several data augmentation techniques. The augmented data was then used to fine-tune an ensemble of language models that had been pre-trained on general-domain Twitter content. The proposed approach outperformed the prior state-of-the-art algorithm Kusuri and ranked high in the competition for our selected objective function, overlapping F1 score.
In Track-1 of the BioCreative VII Challenge participants are asked to identify interactions between drugs/chemicals and proteins. In-context named entity annotations for each drug/chemical and protein are provided and one of fourteen different interactions must be automatically predicted. For this relation extraction task, we attempt both a BERT-based sentence classification approach, and a more novel text-to-text approach using a T5 model. We find that larger BERT-based models perform better in general, with our BioMegatron-based model achieving the highest scores across all metrics, achievin…
Several methods have been explored for automating parts of Systematic Mapping (SM) and Systematic Review (SR) methodologies. Challenges typically evolve around the gaps in semantic understanding of text, as well as lack of domain and background knowledge necessary to bridge that gap. In this paper we investigate possible ways of automating parts of the SM/SR process, i.e. that of extracting keywords and key-phrases from scientific documents using unsupervised methods, which are then used as a basis to construct the corresponding Classification Scheme using semantic key-phrase clustering techni…
We present VESPA, an intentionally simple yet novel zero-shot system for layout, locale, and domain agnostic document extraction. In spite of the availability of large corpora of documents, the lack of labeled and validated datasets makes it a challenge to discriminatively train document extraction models for enterprises. We show that this problem can be addressed by simply transferring the information extraction (IE) task to a natural language Question-Answering (QA) task without engineering task-specific architectures. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system by evaluating on a closed …
BanglaASTE: A Novel Framework for Aspect-Sentiment-Opinion Extraction in Bangla E-commerce Reviews Using Ensemble Deep Learning
Department of Computer Science；Engineering Chittagong University of Engineering；Department of Information Technology Washington University of Science \& Technology 2900 Eisenhower Ave, Alexandria, VA 22314, United States；Department of Information Systems Central Michigan University 1200 S. Franklin St. Mount Pleasant, Mich. 48859
Constituency Parse Extraction from Pre-trained Language Models (CPE-PLM) is a recent paradigm that attempts to induce constituency parse trees relying only on the internal knowledge of pre-trained language models. While attractive in the perspective that similar to in-context learning, it does not require task-specific fine-tuning, the practical effectiveness of such an approach still remains unclear, except that it can function as a probe for investigating language models' inner workings. In this work, we mathematically reformulate CPE-PLM and propose two advanced ensemble methods tailored fo…
Improving Entity Recognition Using Ensembles of Deep Learning and Fine-tuned Large Language Models: A Case Study on Adverse Event Extraction from Multiple Sources
McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston（德克萨斯大学休斯顿健康科学中心麦克威廉姆斯生物医学信息学院）；Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University（杜克大学普拉特工程学院）；Mayo Clinic（梅奥诊所）；School of Medicine, Yale University（耶鲁大学医学院）
Most work in relation extraction forms a prediction by looking at a short span of text within a single sentence containing a single entity pair mention. However, many relation types, particularly in biomedical text, are expressed across sentences or require a large context to disambiguate. We propose a model to consider all mention and entity pairs simultaneously in order to make a prediction. We encode full paper abstracts using an efficient self-attention encoder and form pairwise predictions between all mentions with a bi-affine operation. An entity-pair wise pooling aggregates mention pair…
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）
Entity coreference resolution is an important research problem with many applications, including information extraction and question answering. Coreference resolution for English has been studied extensively. However, there is relatively little work for other languages. A problem that frequently occurs when working with a non-English language is the scarcity of annotated training data. To overcome this challenge, we design a simple but effective ensemble-based framework that combines various transfer learning (TL) techniques. We first train several models using different TL methods. Then, duri…
University of Udine（乌迪内大学）；University of Naples Federico II（那不勒斯费德里科二世大学）；The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学）；Bayer Pharmaceuticals（拜耳制药）
This paper describes the models developed by the AILAB-Udine team for the SMM4H 22 Shared Task. We explored the limits of Transformer based models on text classification, entity extraction and entity normalization, tackling Tasks 1, 2, 5, 6 and 10. The main take-aways we got from participating in different tasks are: the overwhelming positive effects of combining different architectures when using ensemble learning, and the great potential of generative models for term normalization.
The extraction and understanding of temporal events and their relations are major challenges in natural language processing. Processing text on a sentence-by-sentence or expression-by-expression basis often fails, in part due to the challenge of capturing the global consistency of the text. We present an ensemble method, which reconciles the outputs of multiple classifiers of temporal expressions across the text using integer programming. Computational experiments show that the ensemble improves upon the best individual results from two recent challenges, SemEval-2013 TempEval-3 (Temporal Anno…
Iran University of Science and Technology（伊朗科技大学）；Islamic Azad University（伊斯兰阿扎德大学）
Multiple instance learning (MIL) has become the standard learning paradigm for distantly supervised relation extraction (DSRE). However, due to relation extraction being performed at bag level, MIL has significant hardware requirements for training when coupled with large sentence encoders such as deep transformer neural networks. In this paper, we propose a novel sampling method for DSRE that relaxes these hardware requirements. In the proposed method, we limit the number of sentences in a batch by randomly sampling sentences from the bags in the batch. However, this comes at the cost of losi…
Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School（约瑟夫·斯特凡国际研究生院）；Jožef Stefan Institute（约瑟夫·斯特凡研究所）；University of La Rochelle（拉罗谢尔大学）
Automatic term extraction plays an essential role in domain language understanding and several natural language processing downstream tasks. In this paper, we propose a comparative study on the predictive power of Transformers-based pretrained language models toward term extraction in a multi-language cross-domain setting. Besides evaluating the ability of monolingual models to extract single- and multi-word terms, we also experiment with ensembles of mono- and multilingual models by conducting the intersection or union on the term output sets of different language models. Our experiments have…
Hanyang University（汉阳大学）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；Seoul National University（首尔大学）
As it has been unveiled that pre-trained language models (PLMs) are to some extent capable of recognizing syntactic concepts in natural language, much effort has been made to develop a method for extracting complete (binary) parses from PLMs without training separate parsers. We improve upon this paradigm by proposing a novel chart-based method and an effective top-K ensemble technique. Moreover, we demonstrate that we can broaden the scope of application of the approach into multilingual settings. Specifically, we show that by applying our method on multilingual PLMs, it becomes possible to i…
The increase in people's use of mobile messaging services has led to the spread of social engineering attacks like phishing, considering that spam text is one of the main factors in the dissemination of phishing attacks to steal sensitive data such as credit cards and passwords. In addition, rumors and incorrect medical information regarding the COVID-19 pandemic are widely shared on social media leading to people's fear and confusion. Thus, filtering spam content is vital to reduce risks and threats. Previous studies relied on machine learning and deep learning approaches for spam classificat…
CommonVoice-SpeechRE and RPG-MoGe: Advancing Speech Relation Extraction with a New Dataset and Multi-Order Generative Framework
School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University（信息科学与技术学院，大连海事大学）；School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology（计算机科学与技术学院，大连理工大学）；College of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang Normal University（计算机科学与技术学院，新疆师范大学）；School of Computer and Electronic Information, Nanjing Normal University（计算机与电子信息学院，南京师范大学）；Adolescent Education and Intelligence Support Lab of Nanjing Normal University, Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Sciences at Universities in Jiangsu Province（南京师范大学青少年教育与智能支持实验室，江苏省高校哲学社会科学实验室）
