Cosmogenic production of $^{37}$Ar in the context of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment
J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, S. K. Alsum, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. A… 展开作者
J. Aalbers, D. S. Akerib, A. K. Al Musalhi, F. Alder, S. K. Alsum, C. S. Amarasinghe, A. Ames, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, X. Bai, A. Baker, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, J. W. Bargemann, D. Bauer, A. Baxter, K. Beattie, E. P. Bernard, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, G. M. Blockinger, E. Bodnia, B. Boxer, C. A. J. Brew, P. Brás, S. Burdin, J. K. Busenitz, M. Buuck, R. Cabrita, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, M. Cascella, C. Chan, A. Chawla, H. Chen, N. I. Chott, A. Cole, M. V. Converse, A. Cottle, G. Cox, O. Creaner, J. E. Cutter, C. E. Dahl, A. David, L. de Viveiros, J. E. Y. Dobson, E. Druszkiewicz, S. R. Eriksen, A. Fan, S. Fayer, N. M. Fearon, S. Fiorucci, H. Flaecher, E. D. Fraser, T. Fruth, R. J. Gaitskell, J. Genovesi, C. Ghag, E. Gibson, M. G. D. Gilchriese, S. Gokhale, M. G. D. van der Grinten, C. B. Gwilliam, C. R. Hall, S. J. Haselschwardt, S. A. Hertel, M. Horn, D. Q. Huang, D. Hunt, C. M. Ignarra, O. Jahangir, R. S. James, W. Ji, J. Johnson, A. C. Kaboth, A. C. Kamaha, K. Kamdin, D. Khaitan, A. Khazov, I. Khurana, D. Kodroff, L. Korley, E. V. Korolkova, H. Kraus, S. Kravitz, L. Kreczko, V. A. Kudryavtsev, E. A. Leason, D. S. Leonard, K. T. Lesko, C. Levy, J. Lee, J. Lin, A. Lindote, R. Linehan, W. H. Lippincott, X. Liu, M. I. Lopes, E. Lopez Asamar, B. Lopez-Paredes, W. Lorenzon, S. Luitz, P. A. Majewski, A. Manalaysay, L. Manenti, R. L. Mannino, N. Marangou, M. E. McCarthy, D. N. McKinsey, J. McLaughlin, E. H. Miller, E. Mizrachi, A. Monte, M. E. Monzani, J. A. Morad, J. D. Morales Mendoza, E. Morrison, B. J. Mount, A. St. J. Murphy, D. Naim, A. Naylor, C. Nedlik, H. N. Nelson, F. Neves, J. A. Nikoleyczik, A. Nilima, I. Olcina, K. Oliver-Mallory, S. Pal, K. J. Palladino, J. Palmer, N. Parveen, S. J. Patton, E. K. Pease, B. Penning, G. Pereira, E. Perry, J. Pershing, A. Piepke, D. Porzio, Y. Qie, J. Reichenbacher, C. A. Rhyne, A. Richards, Q. Riffard, %Q. Riffard, G. R. C. Rischbieter, R. Rosero, P. Rossiter, T. Rushton, D. Santone, A. B. M. R. Sazzad, R. W. Schnee, P. R. Scovell, S. Shaw, T. A. Shutt, J. J. Silk, C. Silva, G. Sinev, R. Smith, M. Solmaz, V. N. Solovov, P. Sorensen, J. Soria, I. Stancu, A. Stevens, K. Stifter, B. Suerfu, T. J. Sumner, N. Swanson, M. Szydagis, W. C. Taylor, R. Taylor, D. J. Temples, P. A. Terman, D. R. Tiedt, M. Timalsina, W. H. To, Z. Tong, D. R. Tovey, M. Trask, M. Tripathi, D. R. Tronstad, W. Turner, U. Utku, A. Vaitkus, B. Wang, Y. Wang, J. J. Wang, W. Wang, J. R. Watson, R. C. Webb, R. G. White, T. J. Whitis, M. Williams, F. L. H. Wolfs, S. Woodford, D. Woodward, C. J. Wright, Q. Xia, X. Xiang, J. Xu, M. Yeh
We estimate the amount of $^{37}$Ar produced in natural xenon via cosmic ray-induced spallation, an inevitable consequence of the transportation and storage of xenon on the Earth's surface. We then calculate the resulting $^{37}$Ar concentration in a 10-tonne payload~(similar to that of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment) assuming a representative schedule of xenon purification, storage and delivery to the underground facility. Using the spallation model by Silberberg and Tsao, the sea level production rate of $^{37}$Ar in natural xenon is estimated to be 0.024~atoms/kg/day. Assuming the xenon is successively purified to remove radioactive contaminants in 1-tonne batches at a rate of 1~tonne/month, the average $^{37}$Ar activity after 10~tonnes are purified and transported underground is 0.058--0.090~$μ$Bq/kg, depending on the degree of argon removal during above-ground purification. Such cosmogenic $^{37}$Ar will appear as a noticeable background in the early science data, while decaying with a 35~day half-life. This newly-noticed production mechanism of $^{37}$Ar should be considered when planning for future liquid xenon-based experiments.
Elastic neutrino-electron scattering represents a powerful tool to investigate key neutrino properties. In view of the recent results released by the LUX-ZEPLIN collaboration, we provide a first determination of the limits achievable on the neutrino magnetic moment and neutrino millicharge, whose effect becomes non-negligible in some beyond the Standard Model theories. In this context, we evaluate and discuss the impact of different approximations to describe the neutrino interaction with atomic electrons. The new LUX-ZEPLIN data allows us to set a very competitive limit on the neutrino magnet…
High Energy Physics experiments like the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment face unique challenges when running their computation on High Performance Computing resources. In this paper, we describe some strategies to optimize memory usage of simulation codes with the help of profiling tools. We employed this approach and achieved memory reduction of 10-30\%. While this has been performed in the context of the LZ experiment, it has wider applicability to other HEP experimental codes that face these challenges on modern computer architectures.
Interpreting the High-Recoil LUX-ZEPLIN Event with Bino-/Singlino-like and Higgsino Dark Matter
Argonne National Laboratory（阿贡国家实验室）；University of Cincinnati（辛辛那提大学）；Johannes Gutenberg University（约翰内斯·古腾堡大学）；University of Chicago（芝加哥大学）；Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics（理论物理珀米特研究所）
Inelastic Self-interacting Dark Matter and LUX-ZEPLIN 248 keV Event in a Dirac Modular Inverse Seesaw
Salbari College（萨尔巴里学院）；University of Silesia（西里西亚大学）；Indian Institute of Technology Goa（印度理工学院果阿分校）；Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad（印度理工学院海德拉巴分校）
A scalar-extended ${\rm U(1)_{L_μ-L_τ}}$ explanation of the LUX-ZEPLIN 248 keV excess
Institute of Physics（印度物理研究所）；Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex（霍米·巴巴国立学院，BARC培训学院）；Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3（法国格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学亚原子物理与宇宙学实验室）
Kaluza--Klein Dark-Photon Mediation of Inelastic Dark Matter at LUX-ZEPLIN
Center for Fundamental Physics, School of Artificial Intelligence, Hubei Polytechnic University（湖北理工学院人工智能学院基础物理中心）；Physics Department, Theory Division, University of Ioannina（伊奥尼纳大学理论部物理系）
LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a dark matter detector expected to obtain world-leading sensitivity to weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) interacting via nuclear recoils with a ~7-tonne xenon target mass. This manuscript presents sensitivity projections to several low-energy signals of the complementary electron recoil signal type: 1) an effective neutrino magnetic moment and 2) an effective neutrino millicharge, both for pp-chain solar neutrinos, 3) an axion flux generated by the Sun, 4) axion-like particles forming the galactic dark matter, 5) hidden photons, 6) mirror dark matter, and 7) lepto…
LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a next generation dark matter direct detection experiment that will operate 4850 feet underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA. Using a two-phase xenon detector with an active mass of 7~tonnes, LZ will search primarily for low-energy interactions with Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), which are hypothesized to make up the dark matter in our galactic halo. In this paper, the projected WIMP sensitivity of LZ is presented based on the latest background estimates and simulations of the detector. For a 1000~live day ru…
The design and performance of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) detector is described as of March 2015 in this Conceptual Design Report. LZ is a second-generation dark-matter detector with the potential for unprecedented sensitivity to weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) of masses from a few GeV/c2 to hundreds of TeV/c2. With total liquid xenon mass of about 10 tonnes, LZ will be the most sensitive experiment for WIMPs in this mass region by the end of the decade. This report describes in detail the design of the LZ technical systems. Expected backgrounds are quantified and the performance of the e…
The LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter search aims to achieve a sensitivity to the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross-section down to (1--2)$\times10^{-12}$\,pb at a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/$c^2$. This paper describes the simulations framework that, along with radioactivity measurements, was used to support this projection, and also to provide mock data for validating reconstruction and analysis software. Of particular note are the event generators, which allow us to model the background radiation, and the detector response physics used in the production of raw signals, which can be converted into digitized …
The nature of dark matter (DM) remains a mystery since it has so far eluded detection in the laboratory. To that end, the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment was built to directly observe the interaction of DM with xenon target nuclei. LUX acquired data from April 2013 to May 2016 at SURF in South Dakota, which led to publications of many world-leading exclusion limits that probe much of the unexplored DM parameter space. This manuscript describes two novel direct detection methods that used the first LUX dataset to place limits on sub-GeV DM. The Bremsstrahlung and Migdal effects conside…
Precision measurement of positron decay modes of Xe-125 in the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（SLAC国家加速器实验室）；Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University（斯坦福大学卡弗里粒子天体物理与宇宙学研究所）；University College London (UCL)（伦敦大学学院）；Brown University（布朗大学）；University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校）；University of Zurich（苏黎世大学）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)（STC鲁瑟福阿普尔顿实验室）；University of Maryland（马里兰大学）
Study of few-electron backgrounds in the LUX-ZEPLIN detector
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（斯坦福直线加速器中心）；Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University（斯坦福大学卡弗里粒子天体物理与宇宙学研究所）；University College London (UCL)（伦敦大学学院）；Brown University（布朗大学）；University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)（英国科学与技术设施委员会卢瑟福阿普尔顿实验室）；University of Maryland（马里兰大学）
Measurement of the Muon Flux at the Sanford Underground Research Facility with the LUX-ZEPLIN Dark Matter Detector
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（SLAC国家加速器实验室）；Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University（斯坦福大学卡弗里粒子天体物理与宇宙学研究所）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）；Brown University（布朗大学）；University of California, Santa Barbara（加利福尼亚大学圣巴巴拉分校）；University of Zurich（苏黎世大学）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory（STFC卢瑟福·阿普尔顿实验室）；University of Maryland（马里兰大学）
Search for dark matter particle interactions in an extended nuclear recoil energy window with the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（斯坦福直线加速器中心）；Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University（斯坦福大学卡弗里粒子天体物理与宇宙学研究所）；University College London (UCL)（伦敦大学学院）；Brown University（布朗大学）；University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）；University of Zurich（苏黎世大学）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)（英国科学与技术设施委员会卢瑟福阿普尔顿实验室）；University of Maryland（马里兰大学）；King’s College London（伦敦国王学院）
We report on the screening of samples of titanium metal for their radio-purity. The screening process described in this work led to the selection of materials used in the construction of the cryostats for the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) dark matter experiment. Our measurements establish titanium as a highly desirable material for low background experiments searching for rare events. The sample with the lowest total long-lived activity was measured to contain <0.25 mBq/kg of U-238, <0.2 mBq/kg of Th-232, and <1.2 mBq/kg of K-40. Measurements of several samples also indicated the presence of s…
In this Technical Design Report (TDR) we describe the LZ detector to be built at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF). The LZ dark matter experiment is designed to achieve sensitivity to a WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section of three times ten to the negative forty-eighth square centimeters.
Searches for Light Dark Matter and Evidence of Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering of Solar Neutrinos with the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（斯坦福直线加速器中心）；Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University（卡弗里粒子天体物理与宇宙学研究所，斯坦福大学）；University College London (UCL)（伦敦大学学院）；Brown University（布朗大学）；University of California, Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校）；University of Zurich（苏黎世大学）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL)（STFC鲁瑟福阿普尔顿实验室）；University of Maryland（马里兰大学）
We describe the design and assembly of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment, a direct detection search for cosmic WIMP dark matter particles. The centerpiece of the experiment is a large liquid xenon time projection chamber sensitive to low energy nuclear recoils. Rejection of backgrounds is enhanced by a Xe skin veto detector and by a liquid scintillator Outer Detector loaded with gadolinium for efficient neutron capture and tagging. LZ is located in the Davis Cavern at the 4850' level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. We describe the major subsystems of the experi…
LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above $1.4 \times 10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ for a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/c$^{2}$ and a 1000 d exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large 5.6 t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the exper…
The dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) is a powerful tool for direct-detection experiments searching for WIMP dark matter, other dark matter models, and neutrinoless double-beta decay. Successful operation of such a TPC is critically dependent on the ability to hold high electric fields in the bulk liquid, across the liquid surface, and in the gas. Careful design and construction of the electrodes used to establish these fields is therefore required. We present the design and production of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment's high-voltage electrodes, a set of four woven mesh wire grids…
