采样的挑战和系统发育比较方法的帮助：Pama-Nyungan laminal对比的案例研究
Challenges of sampling and how phylogenetic comparative methods help: With a case study of the Pama-Nyungan laminal contrast
摘要：
系统发育比较方法在我们的领域是新的，对大多数语言学家来说，至少有一点神秘。然而，导致它们在比较生物学中被发现的路径与平衡抽样的方法论历史如此相似，以至于它们没有被类型学家发现只是历史的偶然。在这里，我们澄清了系统发育比较方法背后的基本逻辑，以及它们与专注于采样的深厚知识传统的基本关系。然后，我们介绍的概念，方法和工具，这将使类型学家使用这些方法在日常的类型学研究。系统发育比较方法和平衡抽样的关键共同点是，他们试图处理由于系谱的统计非独立性。虽然采样永远不能实现独立性，并要求大多数比较数据被丢弃，系统发育比较方法实现独立性，同时保留和使用所有数据。我们讨论了系统发育信号的基本概念;树的不确定性;对系谱敏感的类型学平均值和比例;跨语系的比较;以及真实性的影响。大量的补充材料说明了实际分析的计算工具，我们说明了讨论的方法与类型学的个案研究在帕玛-尼永根的层状对比。
英文摘要：
Phylogenetic comparative methods are new in our field and are shrouded, for most linguists, in at least a little mystery. Yet the path that led to their discovery in comparative biology is so similar to the methodological history of balanced sampling, that it is only an accident of history that they were not discovered by a typologist. Here we clarify the essential logic behind phylogenetic comparative methods and their fundamental relatedness to a deep intellectual tradition focussed on sampling. Then we introduce concepts, methods and tools which will enable typologists to use these methods in everyday typological research. The key commonality of phylogenetic comparative methods and balanced sampling is that they attempt to deal with statistical non-independence due to genealogy. Whereas sampling can never achieve independence and requires most comparative data to be discarded, phylogenetic comparative methods achieve independence while retaining and using all data. We discuss the essential notions of phylogenetic signal; uncertainty about trees; typological averages and proportions that are sensitive to genealogy; comparison across language families; and the effects of areality. Extensive supplementary materials illustrate computational tools for practical analysis and we illustrate the methods discussed with a typological case study of the laminal contrast in Pama-Nyungan.
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