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arXiv 2111.04409cs.LGstat.ML
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随机森林中不存在双下降

There is no Double-Descent in Random Forests

TU Dortmund(多特蒙德工业大学)

Sebastian Buschjäger, Katharina Morik

摘要:

随机森林(RF)是机器学习中最先进的技术之一,并在几乎零参数调整的情况下提供出色的性能。值得注意的是,RF似乎不受过拟合的影响,即使它们的基本构建模块是众所周知的过拟合。最近,一项广泛接受的研究认为,RF表现出所谓的双下降曲线:首先,模型在U形曲线中过度拟合数据,然后,一旦达到一定的模型复杂度,它突然再次提高其性能。在本文中,我们挑战了模型容量是解释RF成功的正确工具的概念,并认为训练模型的算法发挥着比之前想象的更重要的作用。我们表明,RF不表现出双下降曲线,而是有一个单一的下降。因此,它在经典意义上并不过拟合。我们进一步提出了一个RF的变化,也不过拟合,虽然其决策边界近似的过拟合DT。类似地,我们证明了近似RF的决策边界的DT仍然会过拟合。最后,我们研究了集成的多样性作为评估其性能的工具。为此,我们引入了负相关森林(NCForest),它允许精确控制集合中的多样性。我们表明,多样性和偏见确实有一个至关重要的影响RF的性能。具有太低的分集会将RF的性能压缩到单个树中,而具有太多的分集意味着大多数树不再产生正确的输出。然而,在这两个极端之间,我们发现了大范围的不同权衡,所有大致相同的性能。因此,只要算法达到这种良好的权衡机制,偏差和多样性之间的特定权衡就不重要。

英文摘要:

Random Forests (RFs) are among the state-of-the-art in machine learning and offer excellent performance with nearly zero parameter tuning. Remarkably, RFs seem to be impervious to overfitting even though their basic building blocks are well-known to overfit. Recently, a broadly received study argued that a RF exhibits a so-called double-descent curve: First, the model overfits the data in a u-shaped curve and then, once a certain model complexity is reached, it suddenly improves its performance again. In this paper, we challenge the notion that model capacity is the correct tool to explain the success of RF and argue that the algorithm which trains the model plays a more important role than previously thought. We show that a RF does not exhibit a double-descent curve but rather has a single descent. Hence, it does not overfit in the classic sense. We further present a RF variation that also does not overfit although its decision boundary approximates that of an overfitted DT. Similar, we show that a DT which approximates the decision boundary of a RF will still overfit. Last, we study the diversity of an ensemble as a tool the estimate its performance. To do so, we introduce Negative Correlation Forest (NCForest) which allows for precise control over the diversity in the ensemble. We show, that the diversity and the bias indeed have a crucial impact on the performance of the RF. Having too low diversity collapses the performance of the RF into a a single tree, whereas having too much diversity means that most trees do not produce correct outputs anymore. However, in-between these two extremes we find a large range of different trade-offs with all roughly equal performance. Hence, the specific trade-off between bias and diversity does not matter as long as the algorithm reaches this good trade-off regime.

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