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arXiv 2111.03324astro-ph.SRastro-ph.GA
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红超巨星NML Cyg分子外流中的多组分

Multiple components in the molecular outflow of the red supergiant NML Cyg

Holly Andrews, Elvire De Beck, Per Hirvonen

摘要:

尽管它们对恒星和星系演化有很大的影响,但红超巨星流出物的性质还没有得到很好的表征。我们使用Onsala 20米望远镜对红色超巨星NML Cyg和黄色超巨星IRC +10420进行了3毫米和4毫米(68 - 116 GHz)的光谱调查。我们的NML天鹅座的观测结果与互补的档案数据相结合,使搜索的签名形态复杂的环星环境中,使用发射线从15个分子物种。恢复的参数意味着存在三个不同的,连贯的和持久的组件,包括蓝移和红移的组件,除了一个基本的外流中心在恒星系统速度。此外,为了用三维辐射转移模型再现CO排放,需要一个球形外流,其中有三个叠加的锥形外流,一个朝向观察者,一个远离观察者,一个在天空平面内。这些组分的密度比球形流出物的密度高一个数量级。因此,我们建议,NML天鹅座的拱星环境包括少量的高密度大规模相干外流嵌入在一个球形风。这将使质量损失的历史类似于VY CMa,而不同于mu Cep,其中流出物包含许多随机分布的较小团块。恒星性质,外流结构和内容之间可能存在的相关性对于理解大质量恒星的演化及其环境影响至关重要。

英文摘要:

Despite their large impact on stellar and galactic evolution, the properties of outflows from red supergiants are not well characterised. We used the Onsala 20m telescope to perform a spectral survey at 3mm and 4mm (68 - 116 GHz) of the red supergiant NML Cyg, alongside the yellow hypergiant IRC+10420. Our observations of NML Cyg were combined with complementary archival data to enable a search for signatures of morphological complexity in the circumstellar environment, using emission lines from 15 molecular species. The recovered parameters imply the presence of three distinct, coherent and persistent components, comprised of blue-shifted and red-shifted components, in addition to an underlying outflow centred at the stellar systemic velocity. Furthermore, to reproduce CO emission with three-dimensional radiative transfer models required a spherical outflow with three superposed conical outflows, one towards and one away from the observer, and one in the plane of the sky. These components are higher in density than the spherical outflow by up to an order of magnitude. We hence propose that NML Cyg's circumstellar environment consists of a small number of high-density large-scale coherent outflows embedded in a spherical wind. This would make the mass-loss history similar to that of VY CMa, and distinct from mu Cep, where the outflow contains many randomly distributed smaller clumps. A possible correlation between stellar properties, outflow structures and content is critical in understanding the evolution of massive stars and their environmental impact.

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