始新世-渐新世过渡期哺乳动物新兽类的进化驱动、形态进化和多样性动态
Evolutionary drivers, morphological evolution and diversity dynamics of a surviving mammal clade: cainotherioids at the Eocene--Oligocene transition
摘要：
始新世-渐新世过渡（EOT）代表了一个时期的全球环境变化，特别是在欧洲显着，并与一个戏剧性的生物营业额。在这里，使用一个特殊的化石保存，我们记录和分析的多样性动态的哺乳动物分支，Cainotherioidea（偶蹄目），幸存下来的EOT和辐射后立即。我们从QuercyKonzentra-Lagerst {ä}tte（法国西南部）的物种水平上使用贝叶斯出生-死亡模型来推断它们的多样化历史。我们发现，cainotherioid多样性波动随着时间的推移，灭绝事件在EOT和渐新世晚期，并在渐新世早期的主要物种爆发。后者是符合我们的发现，cainotherioids有一个高的形态适应性的环境变化后，整个EOT，这可能发挥了关键作用，在生存和进化的成功，这支的后果。物种形成与温度和大陆分裂在一个时间连续的方式呈正相关，而灭绝似乎与环境变化以间断的方式同步。分支内的相互作用产生负面影响的cainotherioid多样化，而分支间的竞争可能解释他们最终在渐新世晚期下降。我们的研究结果提供了一个详细的动态图片的哺乳动物进化史的分支在全球变化的背景下。
英文摘要：
The Eocene--Oligocene transition (EOT) represents a period of global environmental changes particularly marked in Europe and coincides with a dramatic biotic turnover. Here, using an exceptional fossil preservation, we document and analyse the diversity dynamics of a mammal clade, Cainotherioidea (Artiodactyla), that survived the EOT and radiated rapidly immediately after. We infer their diversification history from Quercy Konzentrat--Lagerst{ä}tte (south-west France) at the species level using Bayesian birth--death models. We show that cainotherioid diversity fluctuated through time, with extinction events at the EOT and in the late Oligocene, and a major speciation burst in the early Oligocene. The latter is in line with our finding that cainotherioids had a high morphological adaptability following environmental changes throughout the EOT, which probably played a key role in the survival and evolutionary success of this clade in the aftermath. Speciation is positively associated with temperature and continental fragmentation in a time-continuous way, while extinction seems to synchronize with environmental change in a punctuated way. Within-clade interactions negatively affected the cainotherioid diversification, while inter-clade competition might explain their final decline during the late Oligocene. Our results provide a detailed dynamic picture of the evolutionary history of a mammal clade in a context of global change.
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