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arXiv 2109.09746astro-ph.HE
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核塌缩超新星中致密星周相互作用的光学到X射线特征

Optical to X-ray Signatures of Dense Circumstellar Interaction in Core-Collapse Supernovae

Ben Margalit, Eliot Quataert, Anna Y. Q. Ho

摘要:

核心坍缩超新星(SNe)的祖先可以在核心坍缩前的几个月-几年内将大量物质转移到星周物质(CSM)中。随后的超新星爆炸发射出的喷出物可能随后与CSM碰撞,产生的冲击可以为整个电磁波谱的发射提供动力。在这项工作中,我们探讨的热签名密集CSM相互作用时,CSM密度分布被截断在一些外半径。具有光学深度$>c/v$(其中$v$是冲击速度)的CSM将主要产生$\sim$黑体光学/UV发射,而较低光学深度的CSM将为韧致辐射X射线发射提供动力。专注于后者,我们得到的光变曲线和光谱所产生的X射线瞬态,其中包括一个详细的治疗康普顿。由于强烈的光电吸收,X射线光变曲线主要由激波达到CSM截断半径后发生的“后相互作用”阶段决定。我们第一次在这里讨论这个政权。利用这些结果,我们提出了相空间的光学,UV,和X射线瞬态CSM属性的函数,并讨论可探测性的前景。我们发现ROSAT对CSM X射线瞬变不敏感,但预计eROSITA将检测到许多此类事件。未来的宽视场紫外任务,如ULTRASAT,将大大提高对大光学深度CSM配置的灵敏度。最后,我们提出了一个框架内,CSM属性可以直接推断从可观察到的X射线瞬态的功能。这可以作为利用SN X射线探测研究恒星质量损失的重要工具。

英文摘要:

Progenitors of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) can shed significant mass to circumstellar material (CSM) in the months--years preceding core-collapse. The ensuing SN explosion launches ejecta that may subsequently collide with this CSM, producing shocks that can power emission across the electromagnetic spectrum. In this work we explore the thermal signatures of dense CSM interaction, when the CSM density profile is truncated at some outer radius. CSM with optical depth $>c/v$ (where $v$ is the shock velocity) will produce primarily $\sim$blackbody optical/UV emission whereas lower optical-depth CSM will power bremsstrahlung X-ray emission. Focusing on the latter, we derive light-curves and spectra of the resulting X-ray transients, that include a detailed treatment of Comptonization. Due to strong photoelectric absorption, the X-ray light-curve is dominated by the `post-interaction' phase that occurs after the shock reaches the CSM truncation radius. We treat this regime here for the first time. Using these results, we present the phase-space of optical, UV, and X-ray transients as a function of CSM properties, and discuss detectability prospects. We find that ROSAT would not have been sensitive to CSM X-ray transients but that eROSITA is expected to detect many such events. Future wide-field UV missions such as ULTRASAT will dramatically enhance sensitivity to large optical-depth CSM configurations. Finally, we present a framework within which CSM properties may be directly inferred from observable features of X-ray transients. This can serve as an important tool for studying stellar mass loss using SN X-ray detections.

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