微滴重量法和显微镜的亚皮升溯源性
Sub-picoliter Traceability of Microdroplet Gravimetry and Microscopy
摘要：
重量法通常缺乏测量单个微滴的分辨率，而显微镜通常不准确，超出分辨率极限。为了解决这些问题，我们推进和整合这些互补的方法，引入相同的微滴，全面的校准，可独立追溯到国际单位制（SI）的同时测量，和蒙特卡罗体积不确定性评估。我们实现了亚皮升协议的测量微滴在飞行中的体积约为70 pL，与合奏重量分析和光学显微镜都产生95%的覆盖范围的间隔+/- 0.6 pL，或相对不确定度+/-0.9%，和均方根偏差的平均值之间的两种方法的0.2 pL或0.3%。这些不确定性匹配以前的重力测量结果，并改善了以前的显微镜结果的数量级。重力测量精度取决于液滴形成的连续性，而显微镜精度要求来自边缘参考的光学衍射与来自微滴的光学衍射相匹配。应用我们的显微镜方法，我们喷射和成像悬浮荧光纳米塑料的水微滴，在沉积和蒸发后计数纳米塑料颗粒，并将体积可追溯性转移到数量浓度。我们希望我们的方法将影响涉及微滴的尺寸计量和体积分析的各个领域，包括喷墨微加工，疾病传播和工业喷雾。
英文摘要：
Gravimetry typically lacks the resolution to measure single microdroplets, whereas microscopy is often inaccurate beyond the resolution limit. To address these issues, we advance and integrate these complementary methods, introducing simultaneous measurements of the same microdroplets, comprehensive calibrations that are independently traceable to the International System of Units (SI), and Monte-Carlo evaluations of volumetric uncertainty. We achieve sub-picoliter agreement of measurements of microdroplets in flight with volumes of approximately 70 pL, with ensemble gravimetry and optical microscopy both yielding 95% coverage intervals of +/- 0.6 pL, or relative uncertainties of +/- 0.9%, and root-mean-square deviations of mean values between the two methods of 0.2 pL or 0.3%. These uncertainties match previous gravimetry results and improve upon previous microscopy results by an order of magnitude. Gravimetry precision depends on the continuity of droplet formation, whereas microscopy accuracy requires that optical diffraction from an edge reference matches that from a microdroplet. Applying our microscopy method, we jet and image water microdroplets suspending fluorescent nanoplastics, count nanoplastic particles after deposition and evaporation, and transfer volumetric traceability to number concentration. We expect that our methods will impact diverse fields involving dimensional metrology and volumetric analysis of microdroplets, including inkjet microfabrication, disease transmission, and industrial sprays.
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