WD+dM食双星RR Cae的食相时间变化
Eclipse timing variations in the WD+dM eclipsing binary RR Cae
AI总结：
本研究结合TESS、地面望远镜测光与VLT径向速度，测定RR Cae参数并分析430个新极小值时刻，用一或两个环双星行星的光行时效应解释O-C周期变化。
摘要：
我们提出了由一颗白矮星被M型矮星伴星所掩食的食双星RR Cae的双星模型和食相时间变化。我们分析了来自凌星系外行星巡天卫星（TESS）、0.6米PROMPT-8望远镜和Spring Brook天文台0.7米Thai Robotic Telescope的多波段光学测光数据，并结合来自甚大望远镜（VLT）的存档H-alpha径向速度数据。从这些数据中，我们获得了该系统的物理参数以及430个新的极小值时刻。2018年和2020年的TESS光变曲线显示出食外变化，这可能是由次星上的一个大型黑子造成的。我们采用由一个或两个环双星天体的引力相互作用导致的光行时效应模型，来拟合RR Cae的O-C曲线中的周期性变化。使用一个环双星天体模型对O-C曲线进行拟合的解显示出周期为16.6±0.2年、振幅为14±1秒的周期性变化，这可能由一颗最小质量为3.4±0.2 M_Jup的行星造成。当我们考虑带有两个环双星天体的模型时，O-C曲线显示出周期分别为15.0±0.5年和39±5年、振幅分别为12±1秒和20±5秒的周期性变化，对应于3.0±0.3 M_Jup和2.7±0.7 M_Jup的最小质量。
英文摘要：
We present the binary model and the eclipse timing variations of the eclipsing binary RR Cae, which consists of a white dwarf eclipsed by an M-type dwarf companion. The multi-wavelength optical photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), the 0.6-m PROMPT-8 telescope, and the 0.7-m Thai Robotic Telescope at Spring Brook Observatory, combined with archive H-alpha radial velocities from the Very Large Telescope (VLT) are analysed. From the data, the physical parameters of the system are obtained along with 430 new times of minima. The TESS light curves in 2018 and 2020 show out-of-eclipse variations, which might be caused by a large spot on the secondary component. The light travel time effect models due to the gravitational interaction of one or two circumbinary objects are adopted to fit the cyclic variations in the RR Cae's O-C curve. The fitting solution of the O-C curve with one circumbinary object model shows a periodic variation with a period of $16.6\pm0.2$ yr and an amplitude of $14\pm1$ s, which can be caused by a planet with a minimum mass of $3.4\pm0.2$ M$_{Jup}$. When we consider the model with two circumbinary objects, the O-C curve shows cyclic variations with periods of $15.0\pm0.5$ yr and $39\pm5$ yr and amplitudes of $12\pm1$ s and $20\pm5$ s, respectively, corresponding to minimum masses of $3.0\pm0.3$ M$_{Jup}$ and $2.7\pm0.7$ M$_{Jup}$.
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