The tremendous development in deep learning has led facial expression recognition (FER) to receive much attention in the past few years. Although 3D FER has an inherent edge over its 2D counterpart, work on 2D images has dominated the field. The main reason for the slow development of 3D FER is the unavailability of large training and large test datasets. Recognition accuracies have already saturated on existing 3D emotion recognition datasets due to their small gallery sizes. Unlike 2D photographs, 3D facial scans are not easy to collect, causing a bottleneck in the development of deep 3D FER networks and datasets. In this work, we propose a method for generating a large dataset of 3D faces with labeled emotions. We also develop a deep convolutional neural network(CNN) for 3D FER trained on 624,000 3D facial scans. The test data comprises 208,000 3D facial scans.
An automatic Facial Expression Recognition (FER) model with Adaboost face detector, feature selection based on manifold learning and synergetic prototype based classifier has been proposed. Improved feature selection method and proposed classifier can achieve favorable effectiveness to performance FER in reasonable processing time.
K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering（K. J. 索马亚工程学院）
Facial Emotion Recognition is an inherently difficult problem, due to vast differences in facial structures of individuals and ambiguity in the emotion displayed by a person. Recently, a lot of work is being done in the field of Facial Emotion Recognition, and the performance of the CNNs for this task has been inferior compared to the results achieved by CNNs in other fields like Object detection, Facial recognition etc. In this paper, we propose a multi-task learning algorithm, in which a single CNN detects gender, age and race of the subject along with their emotion. We validate this propose…
JD Digits（京东数科）；Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）
Much of the work on automatic facial expression recognition relies on databases containing a certain number of emotion classes and their exaggerated facial configurations (generally six prototypical facial expressions), based on Ekman's Basic Emotion Theory. However, recent studies have revealed that facial expressions in our human life can be blended with multiple basic emotions. And the emotion labels for these in-the-wild facial expressions cannot easily be annotated solely on pre-defined AU patterns. How to analyze the action units for such complex expressions is still an open question. To…
The use of deep learning techniques for automatic facial expression recognition has recently attracted great interest but developed models are still unable to generalize well due to the lack of large emotion datasets for deep learning. To overcome this problem, in this paper, we propose utilizing a novel transfer learning approach relying on PathNet and investigate how knowledge can be accumulated within a given dataset and how the knowledge captured from one emotion dataset can be transferred into another in order to improve the overall performance. To evaluate the robustness of our system, w…
Knowledge-Enhanced Facial Expression Recognition with Emotional-to-Neutral Transformation
Hong Kong Baptist University（香港浸会大学）；Xidian University（西安电子科技大学）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Shanghai AI Laboratory（上海人工智能实验室）；Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications（重庆邮电大学）
Xidian University（西安电子科技大学）；JD Finance America Corporation（京东金融美国公司）；Peking University（北京大学）
By utilizing label distribution learning, a probability distribution is assigned for a facial image to express a compound emotion, which effectively improves the problem of label uncertainties and noises occurred in one-hot labels. In practice, it is observed that correlations among emotions are inherently different, such as surprised and happy emotions are more possibly synchronized than surprised and neutral. It indicates the correlation may be crucial for obtaining a reliable label distribution. Based on this, we propose a new method that amends the label distribution of each facial image b…
Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）；Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；DATA61, CSIRO（联邦科学与工业研究组织数据61所）
Human eyes concentrate different facial regions during distinct cognitive activities. We study utilising facial visual saliency maps to classify different facial expressions into different emotions. Our results show that our novel method of merely using facial saliency maps can achieve a descent accuracy of 65\%, much higher than the chance level of $1/7$. Furthermore, our approach is of semi-supervision, i.e., our facial saliency maps are generated from a general saliency prediction algorithm that is not explicitly designed for face images. We also discovered that the classification accuracie…
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur（印度理工学院卡拉格普尔分校）
Automatic recognition of spontaneous facial expressions is a major challenge in the field of affective computing. Head rotation, face pose, illumination variation, occlusion etc. are the attributes that increase the complexity of recognition of spontaneous expressions in practical applications. Effective recognition of expressions depends significantly on the quality of the database used. Most well-known facial expression databases consist of posed expressions. However, currently there is a huge demand for spontaneous expression databases for the pragmatic implementation of the facial expressi…
National Institute of Technology Karnataka（卡纳塔克国立理工学院）
The proposed framework in this paper has the primary objective of classifying the facial expression shown by a person. These classifiable expressions can be any one of the six universal emotions along with the neutral emotion. After the initial facial localization is performed, facial landmark detection and feature extraction are applied where in the landmarks are determined to be the fiducial features: the eyebrows, eyes, nose and lips. This is primarily done using state-of-the-art facial landmark detection algorithms as well as traditional edge and corner point detection methods using Sobel …
In this article, the results of our team for the fifth Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-wild (ABAW) competition are presented. The usage of the pre-trained convolutional networks from the EmotiEffNet family for frame-level feature extraction is studied. In particular, we propose an ensemble of a multi-layered perceptron and the LightAutoML-based classifier. The post-processing by smoothing the results for sequential frames is implemented. Experimental results for the large-scale Aff-Wild2 database demonstrate that our model achieves a much greater macro-averaged F1-score for facial expressio…
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur（印度理工学院卡拉格普尔分校）
Emotions are best way of communicating information; and sometimes it carry more information than words. Recently, there has been a huge interest in automatic recognition of human emotion because of its wide spread application in security, surveillance, marketing, advertisement, and human-computer interaction. To communicate with a computer in a natural way, it will be desirable to use more natural modes of human communication based on voice, gestures and facial expressions. In this paper, a holistic approach for facial expression recognition is proposed which captures the variation in facial f…
Automated affective computing in the wild setting is a challenging problem in computer vision. Existing annotated databases of facial expressions in the wild are small and mostly cover discrete emotions (aka the categorical model). There are very limited annotated facial databases for affective computing in the continuous dimensional model (e.g., valence and arousal). To meet this need, we collected, annotated, and prepared for public distribution a new database of facial emotions in the wild (called AffectNet). AffectNet contains more than 1,000,000 facial images from the Internet by querying…
Expedia Group（Expedia集团）；University of California, Riverside（加州大学河滨分校）
Facial expression recognition has been an active research area over the past few decades, and it is still challenging due to the high intra-class variation. Traditional approaches for this problem rely on hand-crafted features such as SIFT, HOG and LBP, followed by a classifier trained on a database of images or videos. Most of these works perform reasonably well on datasets of images captured in a controlled condition, but fail to perform as good on more challenging datasets with more image variation and partial faces. In recent years, several works proposed an end-to-end framework for facial…
University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）；Waterloo Artificial Intelligence Institute（滑铁卢人工智能研究所）；DarwinAI Corp.（DarwinAI公司）
While recent advances in deep learning have led to significant improvements in facial expression classification (FEC), a major challenge that remains a bottleneck for the widespread deployment of such systems is their high architectural and computational complexities. This is especially challenging given the operational requirements of various FEC applications, such as safety, marketing, learning, and assistive living, where real-time requirements on low-cost embedded devices is desired. Motivated by this need for a compact, low latency, yet accurate system capable of performing FEC in real-ti…
Facebook AI Applied Research（Facebook人工智能应用研究）；University of Bristol（布里斯托大学）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）
Apparent emotional facial expression recognition has attracted a lot of research attention recently. However, the majority of approaches ignore age differences and train a generic model for all ages. In this work, we study the effect of using different age-groups for training apparent emotional facial expression recognition models. To this end, we study Domain Generalisation in the context of apparent emotional facial expression recognition from facial imagery across different age groups. We first compare several domain generalisation algorithms on the basis of out-of-domain-generalisation, an…
University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）；Sudan University of Science and Technology（苏丹科技大学）；Manchester Metropolitan University（曼彻斯特城市大学）
Micro-expressions are brief spontaneous facial expressions that appear on a face when a person conceals an emotion, making them different to normal facial expressions in subtlety and duration. Currently, emotion classes within the CASME II dataset are based on Action Units and self-reports, creating conflicts during machine learning training. We will show that classifying expressions using Action Units, instead of predicted emotion, removes the potential bias of human reporting. The proposed classes are tested using LBP-TOP, HOOF and HOG 3D feature descriptors. The experiments are evaluated on…
AffectNet+: A Database for Enhancing Facial Expression Recognition with Soft-Labels
Ritchie School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Denver（丹佛大学里奇工程与计算机科学学院）；College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Denver（丹佛大学艺术、人文与社会科学学院）
Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University（复旦大学工程与技术学院）；School of Computer Science, Fudan University（复旦大学计算机科学技术学院）；Yiwu Research Institute, Fudan University（复旦大学义乌研究院）
One of the key research areas in computer vision addressed by a vast number of publications is the processing and understanding of images containing human faces. The most often addressed tasks include face detection, facial landmark localization, face recognition and facial expression analysis. Other, more specialized tasks such as affective computing, the extraction of vital signs from videos or analysis of social interaction usually require one or several of the aforementioned tasks that have to be performed. In our work, we analyze that a large number of tasks for facial image processing in…
Samsung AI Center Cambridge（三星剑桥人工智能中心）；University of Nottingham（诺丁汉大学）
Temporal context is key to the recognition of expressions of emotion. Existing methods, that rely on recurrent or self-attention models to enforce temporal consistency, work on the feature level, ignoring the task-specific temporal dependencies, and fail to model context uncertainty. To alleviate these issues, we build upon the framework of Neural Processes to propose a method for apparent emotion recognition with three key novel components: (a) probabilistic contextual representation with a global latent variable model; (b) temporal context modelling using task-specific predictions in additio…
College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter（埃克塞特大学工程、数学与物理科学学院）；Institute of Computer Science (ICS), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH)（希腊研究与技术基金会计算机科学研究所）
Human emotions analysis has been the focus of many studies, especially in the field of Affective Computing, and is important for many applications, e.g. human-computer intelligent interaction, stress analysis, interactive games, animations, etc. Solutions for automatic emotion analysis have also benefited from the development of deep learning approaches and the availability of vast amount of visual facial data on the internet. This paper proposes a novel method for human emotion recognition from a single RGB image. We construct a large-scale dataset of facial videos (\textbf{FaceVid}), rich in…
Facial Expression Recognition is a vital research topic in most fields ranging from artificial intelligence and gaming to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Psychology. This paper proposes a hybrid model for Facial Expression recognition, which comprises a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) and Haar Cascade deep learning architectures. The objective is to classify real-time and digital facial images into one of the seven facial emotion categories considered. The DCNN employed in this research has more convolutional layers, ReLU Activation functions, and multiple kernels to enhance filt…
African Institute for Mathematical Sciences（非洲数学科学研究所）；Stellenbosch University（Stellenbosch大学）；South African Astronomical Observatory（南非天文台）；South African Radio Astronomy Observatory（南非射电天文台）；University of Cape Town（开普敦大学）
Deep facial expression recognition faces two challenges that both stem from the large number of trainable parameters: long training times and a lack of interpretability. We propose a novel method based on evolutionary algorithms, that deals with both challenges by massively reducing the number of trainable parameters, whilst simultaneously retaining classification performance, and in some cases achieving superior performance. We are robustly able to reduce the number of parameters on average by 95% (e.g. from 2M to 100k parameters) with no loss in classification accuracy. The algorithm learns …
There is little prior work on quantifying the relationships between facial expressions and emotionality in American Sign Language. In this final report, we provide two methods for studying these relationships through probability and prediction. Using a large corpus of natural signing manually annotated with facial features paired with lexical emotion datasets, we find that there exist many relationships between emotionality and the face, and that a simple classifier can predict what someone is saying in terms of broad emotional categories only by looking at the face.
State University of New York at Binghamton（纽约州立大学宾汉姆顿分校）
Emotion is an experience associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity along with different physiological, behavioral and cognitive changes. One behavioral change is facial expression, which has been studied extensively over the past few decades. Facial behavior varies with a person's emotion according to differences in terms of culture, personality, age, context, and environment. In recent years, physiological activities have been used to study emotional responses. A typical signal is the electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures brain activity. Most of existing EEG-based em…
To fully understand the complexities of human emotion, the integration of multiple physical features from different modalities can be advantageous. Considering this, we present an analysis of 3D facial data, action units, and physiological data as it relates to their impact on emotion recognition. We analyze each modality independently, as well as the fusion of each for recognizing human emotion. This analysis includes which features are most important for specific emotions (e.g. happy). Our analysis indicates that both 3D facial landmarks and physiological data are encouraging for expression/…
Chongqing University（重庆大学）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）；Shenzhen University（深圳大学）
In this paper, we introduce a new dataset, the driver emotion facial expression (DEFE) dataset, for driver spontaneous emotions analysis. The dataset includes facial expression recordings from 60 participants during driving. After watching a selected video-audio clip to elicit a specific emotion, each participant completed the driving tasks in the same driving scenario and rated their emotional responses during the driving processes from the aspects of dimensional emotion and discrete emotion. We also conducted classification experiments to recognize the scales of arousal, valence, dominance, …
In this paper, we describe an entry to the third Emotion Recognition in the Wild Challenge, EmotiW2015. We detail the associated experiments and show that, through more accurately locating the facial landmarks, and considering only the distances between them, we can achieve a surprising level of performance. The resulting system is not only more accurate than the challenge baseline, but also much simpler.
We present Wav2Lip-Emotion, a video-to-video translation architecture that modifies facial expressions of emotion in videos of speakers. Previous work modifies emotion in images, uses a single image to produce a video with animated emotion, or puppets facial expressions in videos with landmarks from a reference video. However, many use cases such as modifying an actor's performance in post-production, coaching individuals to be more animated speakers, or touching up emotion in a teleconference require a video-to-video translation approach. We explore a method to maintain speakers' lip movement…
Facial expressions are important parts of both gesture and sign language recognition systems. Despite the recent advances in both fields, annotated facial expression datasets in the context of sign language are still scarce resources. In this manuscript, we introduce an annotated sequenced facial expression dataset in the context of sign language, comprising over $3000$ facial images extracted from the daily news and weather forecast of the public tv-station PHOENIX. Unlike the majority of currently existing facial expression datasets, FePh provides sequenced semi-blurry facial images with dif…
Recognition of human emotions from the imaging templates is useful in a wide variety of human-computer interaction and intelligent systems applications. However, the automatic recognition of facial expressions using image template matching techniques suffer from the natural variability with facial features and recording conditions. In spite of the progress achieved in facial emotion recognition in recent years, the effective and computationally simple feature selection and classification technique for emotion recognition is still an open problem. In this paper, we propose an efficient and stra…
Second University of Naples（那不勒斯第二大学）；IIASS；Brno University of Technology（布尔诺理工大学）；EUP Mataró（马塔罗EUP）
This work defines a procedure for collecting naturally induced emotional facial expressions through the vision of movie excerpts with high emotional contents and reports experimental data ascertaining the effects of emotions on memory word recognition tasks. The induced emotional states include the four basic emotions of sadness, disgust, happiness, and surprise, as well as the neutral emotional state. The resulting database contains both thermal and visible emotional facial expressions, portrayed by forty Italian subjects and simultaneously acquired by appropriately synchronizing a thermal an…
Automatic recognition of emotion from facial expressions is an intense area of research, with a potentially long list of important application. Yet, the study of emotion requires knowing which facial expressions are used within and across cultures in the wild, not in controlled lab conditions; but such studies do not exist. Which and how many cross-cultural and cultural-specific facial expressions do people commonly use? And, what affect variables does each expression communicate to observers? If we are to design technology that understands the emotion of users, we need answers to these two fu…
iCV Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu（塔尔图大学技术研究所 iCV 研究组）；Computer Vision Center（计算机视觉中心）；University of Barcelona（巴塞罗那大学）；University of Autonoma, Barcelona（巴塞罗那自治大学）；Universitat Oberta de Catalunya（加泰罗尼亚开放大学）；Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing（听力生理学与病理学研究所）；Department of Psychology, University of Tartu（塔尔图大学心理学系）；The Estonian Center of Behavioral and Health Sciences（爱沙尼亚行为与健康科学中心）；Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hasan Kalyoncu University（哈桑·卡尔永库大学电气与电子工程系）
Humans modify their facial expressions in order to communicate their internal states and sometimes to mislead observers regarding their true emotional states. Evidence in experimental psychology shows that discriminative facial responses are short and subtle. This suggests that such behavior would be easier to distinguish when captured in high resolution at an increased frame rate. We are proposing SASE-FE, the first dataset of facial expressions that are either congruent or incongruent with underlying emotion states. We show that overall the problem of recognizing whether facial movements are…
Wuhan University（武汉大学）；West Virginia University（西弗吉尼亚大学）
Facial expressions of emotion play an important role in human social interactions. However, posed acting is not always the same as genuine feeling. Therefore, the credibility assessment of facial expressions, namely, the discrimination of genuine (spontaneous) expressions from posed(deliberate/volitional/deceptive) ones, is a crucial yet challenging task in facial expression understanding. Rapid progress has been made in recent years for automatic detection of genuine and posed facial expressions. This paper presents a general review of the relevant research, including several spontaneous vs. …
This paper details the methodology and results of the EmotioNet challenge. This challenge is the first to test the ability of computer vision algorithms in the automatic analysis of a large number of images of facial expressions of emotion in the wild. The challenge was divided into two tracks. The first track tested the ability of current computer vision algorithms in the automatic detection of action units (AUs). Specifically, we tested the detection of 11 AUs. The second track tested the algorithms' ability to recognize emotion categories in images of facial expressions. Specifically, we te…
Human emotions can be inferred from facial expressions. However, the annotations of facial expressions are often highly noisy in common emotion coding models, including categorical and dimensional ones. To reduce human labelling effort on multi-task labels, we introduce a new problem of facial emotion recognition with noisy multi-task annotations. For this new problem, we suggest a formulation from the point of joint distribution match view, which aims at learning more reliable correlations among raw facial images and multi-task labels, resulting in the reduction of noise influence. In our for…
