阻抗匹配差分超导纳米线探测器
Impedance-matched differential superconducting nanowire detectors
摘要：
超导纳米线单光子探测器（SNSPD）是近红外（NIR）领域性能最高的光子计数技术。由于延迟线效应，大面积SNSPD通常在定时分辨率和检测效率之间进行权衡。在这里，我们介绍了一种基于传输线工程和差分读出的器件级信号调理检测器设计，同时实现了高系统检测效率和低检测器抖动。为了使我们的差分检测器与单端时间标签器兼容，我们还设计了模拟差分到单端读出电子器件，对系统时序分辨率的影响最小。我们的氮化铌差分SNSPD在$775\,\mathrm{nm}$上实现了$47.3\,\% \pm 2.4\,\%$系统检测效率和亚$10\,\mathrm{ps}$系统抖动，而在$1550\,\mathrm{nm}$上实现了$71.1\,\% \pm 3.7\,\%$系统检测效率和$13.1\,\mathrm{ps} \pm 0.4\,\mathrm{ps}$系统抖动。这些探测器还实现了在一百分之一最大水平下的次100 ps定时响应，在$775\,\mathrm{nm}$下的$30.7\,\mathrm{ps} \pm 0.4\,\mathrm{ps}$和在$1550\,\mathrm{nm}$下的$47.6\,\mathrm{ps} \pm 0.4\,\mathrm{ps}$，从而实现具有高动态范围响应功能的时间相关单光子计数。此外，由于差分阻抗匹配设计，我们的探测器具有延迟线成像能力和光子数分辨率。我们的系统实现的属性和高性能指标使其成为许多科学应用的通用光子检测解决方案。
英文摘要：
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are the highest performing photon-counting technology in the near-infrared (NIR). Due to delay-line effects, large area SNSPDs typically trade-off timing resolution and detection efficiency. Here, we introduce a detector design based on transmission line engineering and differential readout for device-level signal conditioning, enabling a high system detection efficiency and a low detector jitter, simultaneously. To make our differential detectors compatible with single-ended time taggers, we also engineer analog differential-to-single-ended readout electronics, with minimal impact on the system timing resolution. Our niobium nitride differential SNSPDs achieve $47.3\,\% \pm 2.4\,\%$ system detection efficiency and sub-$10\,\mathrm{ps}$ system jitter at $775\,\mathrm{nm}$, while at $1550\,\mathrm{nm}$ they achieve $71.1\,\% \pm 3.7\,\%$ system detection efficiency and $13.1\,\mathrm{ps} \pm 0.4\,\mathrm{ps}$ system jitter. These detectors also achieve sub-100 ps timing response at one one-hundredth maximum level, $30.7\,\mathrm{ps} \pm 0.4\,\mathrm{ps}$ at $775\,\mathrm{nm}$ and $47.6\,\mathrm{ps} \pm 0.4\,\mathrm{ps}$ at $1550\,\mathrm{nm}$, enabling time-correlated single-photon counting with high dynamic range response functions. Furthermore, thanks to the differential impedance-matched design, our detectors exhibit delay-line imaging capabilities and photon-number resolution. The properties and high-performance metrics achieved by our system make it a versatile photon-detection solution for many scientific applications.
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