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arXiv 2108.04255astro-ph.SR
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ELMs的诞生:演化成极低质量白矮星的激变变星的ZTF调查

Birth of the ELMs: a ZTF survey for evolved cataclysmic variables turning into extremely low-mass white dwarfs

Kareem El-Badry, Hans-Walter Rix, Eliot Quataert, Thomas Kupfer, Ken J. Shen

摘要:

我们提出了一个系统的调查质量转移和最近脱离的激变变星(CV)与演化的秒,这是极低质量白矮星(ELM WD),AM CVn系统,和脱离超紧双星的祖先。我们选择的目标低于盖亚色星等图的主序列与ZTF光变曲线显示大振幅椭球变化和轨道周期$P_{\rm orb} < 6$小时。这产生51个候选人比G=18,其中我们已经获得了21个多历元光谱。我们确认所有21完全-或接近-洛希叶填充紧密的双星。13个显示了正在进行的质量转移的证据,其他8个可能刚刚停止。大多数二级反应器的温度比任何之前已知的CV供体都要高,温度为$4700<T_{\rm eff}/{\rm K}<8000$。值得注意的是,所有含有$T_{\rm eff} \gtrsim 7000\,\rm K$的次级粒子似乎都被分离了,而所有较冷的次级粒子仍然在进行质量传递。这种转变可能标志着磁制动由于供体的对流包层的损失而变得无效的温度。大多数原WD次级粒子的质量接近$0.15\,M_{\odot}$ ;它们的同伴的质量接近$0.8\,M_{\odot}$。我们推断$\sim 60\,\rm kpc^{-3}$的空间密度比正常CV低大约80倍,比ELM WD低3倍。银河系的出生率,$\mathcal{R}\sim 60\,\rm Myr^{-1}$,是AM CVn双星的一半。大多数系统都很好地描述了MESA模型的CV,其中传质开始只有当供体离开主序列。所有这些都被预测在哈勃时间内达到最小周期$5\lesssim P_{\rm orb}/{\rm min}\lesssim30$,在那里它们将成为AM CVn双星或合并。这个样本是已知进化CV群体的三倍,为提高对紧凑二进制群体的理解提供了广泛的机会。

英文摘要:

We present a systematic survey for mass-transferring and recently-detached cataclysmic variables (CVs) with evolved secondaries, which are progenitors of extremely low-mass white dwarfs (ELM WDs), AM CVn systems, and detached ultracompact binaries. We select targets below the main sequence in the Gaia color-magnitude diagram with ZTF light curves showing large-amplitude ellipsoidal variability and orbital period $P_{\rm orb} < 6$ hr. This yields 51 candidates brighter than G=18, of which we have obtained many-epoch spectra for 21. We confirm all 21 to be completely -- or nearly -- Roche lobe filling close binaries. 13 show evidence of ongoing mass transfer, which has likely just ceased in the other 8. Most of the secondaries are hotter than any previously known CV donors, with temperatures $4700<T_{\rm eff}/{\rm K}<8000$. Remarkably, all secondaries with $T_{\rm eff} \gtrsim 7000\,\rm K$ appear to be detached, while all cooler secondaries are still mass-transferring. This transition likely marks the temperature where magnetic braking becomes inefficient due to loss of the donor's convective envelope. Most of the proto-WD secondaries have masses near $0.15\,M_{\odot}$; their companions have masses near $0.8\,M_{\odot}$. We infer a space density of $\sim 60\,\rm kpc^{-3}$, roughly 80 times lower than that of normal CVs and three times lower than that of ELM WDs. The implied Galactic birth rate, $\mathcal{R}\sim 60\,\rm Myr^{-1}$, is half that of AM CVn binaries. Most systems are well-described by MESA models for CVs in which mass transfer begins only as the donor leaves the main sequence. All are predicted to reach minimum periods $5\lesssim P_{\rm orb}/{\rm min}\lesssim30$ within a Hubble time, where they will become AM CVn binaries or merge. This sample triples the known evolved CV population and offers broad opportunities for improving understanding of the compact binary population.

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