地理学作为一门建立在第三空间观基础上的地表科学
Geography as a Science of the Earth's Surface Founded on the Third View of Space
摘要：
第三种（或有机体）空间观认为，空间既不是无生命的，也不是中性的，而是一种有生命的结构，可以更有生命，也可以更少生命，因此与前两种机械论的空间观（牛顿的绝对空间和莱布尼茨的关系空间）有着根本的不同。活的结构被定义为一种物理和数学结构，或者简单地以小的子结构比大的子结构多得多的反复出现的概念（或固有的层次结构）为特征。本文试图提出一种新的地理学，作为一门建立在第三种空间观基础上的地球表面科学。新地理学的目标不仅是更好地理解地理的形式和过程，而且-也许更重要的是-使地理空间或地球表面有生命或更有生命。在介绍了地理学的两个基本定律：关于空间依赖性（或同质性）的托布勒定律和关于空间异质性的标度定律之后，我们认为这两个定律是有利于统计而不是精确性的生命结构的基本定律，因为前者（或统计）倾向于使结构比后者（或精确）更有生命力。我们通过一些工作的例子，提出了生活结构的概念，并清楚地说明了生活结构与非生活结构的区别，根据英国哲学家阿尔弗雷德·怀特海（1861-1947）首次提出的器官世界观。为了让结构或空间充满活力或更具活力，我们使用两幅画作和两个城市规划引入了两个设计原则--差异化和适应性。新地理学是一门研究生命结构的科学，涉及的范围很广，从墙上装饰品的最小尺度到整个地球表面的尺度。关键词：标度律，托布勒定律，分化，适应，头/尾断裂，自然街道，第三空间观
英文摘要：
The third (or organismic) view of space states that space is neither lifeless nor neutral, but a living structure capable of being more living or less living, thus different fundamentally from the first two mechanistic views of space: Newtonian absolute space and Leibnizian relational space. The living structure is defined as a physical and mathematical structure or simply characterized by the recurring notion (or inherent hierarchy) of far more small substructures than large ones. This paper seeks to lay out a new geography as a science of the Earth's surface founded on the third view of space. The new geography aims not only to better understand geographic forms and processes but also - maybe more importantly - to make geographic space or the Earth's surface to be living or more living. After introducing two fundamental laws of geography: Tobler's law on spatial dependence (or homogeneity) and scaling law on spatial heterogeneity, we argue that these two laws are fundamental laws of living structure that favor statistics over exactitude, because the former (or statistics) tends to make a structure more living than the latter (or exactitute). We present the concept of living structure through some working examples and make it clear how a living structure differs from a non-living structure, under the organismic worldview that was first conceived by the British philosopher Alfred Whitehead (1861-1947). In order to make a structure or space living or more living, we introduce two design principles - differentiation and adaptation - using two paintings and two city plans. The new geography is a science of living structure, dealing with a wide range of scales, from the smallest scale of ornaments on walls to the scale of the entire Earth's surface. Keywords: Scaling law, Tobler's law, differentiation, adaptation, head/tail breaks, natural streets, the third view of space
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