We show that $\beth_{(2^{\operatorname{LS}({\bf K})})^+}$ is the lower bound to the Hanf numbers for the length of the order property and for stability in stable abstract elementary classes (AECs). Our examples satisfy the joint embedding property, no maximal model, $(<\aleph_0)$-tameness but not necessarily the amalgamation property. We also define variations on the order and syntactic order properties by allowing the index set to be linearly ordered rather than well-ordered. Combining with Shelah's stability theorem, we deduce that our examples can have the order property up to any $μ<\beth_{(2^{\operatorname{LS}({\bf K})})^+}$. Boney conjectured that the need for joint embedding property for two type-counting lemmas is necessary. We solved the conjecture by showing it is independent of ZFC. Using Galois Morleyization, we give syntactic proofs to known stability results assuming a monster model.
We prove that a strongly compact cardinal is an upper bound for a Hanf number for amalgamation, etc. in AECs using both semantic and syntactic methods. To syntactically prove non-disjoint amalgamation, a different presentation theorem than Shelah's is needed. This relational presentation theorem has the added advantage of being {\it functorial}, which allows the transfer of amalgamation.
We show that various tameness assertions about abstract elementary classes imply the existence of large cardinals under mild cardinal arithmetic assumptions.
We study multidimensional diagrams in independent amalgamation in the framework of abstract elementary classes (AECs). We use them to prove the eventual categoricity conjecture for AECs, assuming a large cardinal axiom. More precisely, we show assuming the existence of a proper class of strongly compact cardinals that an AEC which has a single model of some high-enough cardinality will have a single model in any high-enough cardinal. Assuming a weak version of the generalized continuum hypothesis, we also establish the eventual categoricity conjecture for AECs with amalgamation.
The Hanf number for a set $S$ of sentences in $L_{ω_1,ω}$ (or some other logic) is the least infinite cardinal $κ$ such that for all $φ\in S$, if $φ$ has models in all infinite cardinalities less than $κ$, then it has models of all infinite cardinalities. S-D. Friedman asked what is the Hanf number for Scott sentences of computable structures. We show that the value is $\beth_{ω_1^{CK}}$. The same argument proves that $\beth_{ω_1^{CK}}$ is the Hanf number for Scott sentences of hyperarithmetical structures.
We investigate, in ZFC, the behavior of abstract elementary classes (AECs) categorical in many successive small cardinals. We prove for example that a universal $\mathbb{L}_{ω_1, ω}$ sentence categorical on an end segment of cardinals below $\beth_ω$ must be categorical also everywhere above $\beth_ω$. This is done without any additional model-theoretic hypotheses (such as amalgamation or arbitrarily large models) and generalizes to the much broader framework of tame AECs with weak amalgamation and coherent sequences.
We study several cardinal, and ordinal--valued functions that are relatives of Hanf numbers. Let kappa be an infinite cardinal, and let T subseteq L_{kappa^+, omega} be a theory of cardinality <= kappa, and let gamma be an ordinal >= kappa^+. For example we look at (1) mu_{T}^*(gamma, kappa):= min {mu^* for all phi in L_{infinity, omega}, with rk(phi)< gamma, if T has the (phi, mu^*)-order property then there exists a formula phi'(x;y) in L_{kappa^+, omega}, such that for every chi >= kappa, T has the (phi', chi)-order property}; and (2) mu^*(gamma, kappa):= sup{mu_T^*(gamma, kappa)| T in L_{k…
This paper contains portions of Baldwin's talk at the Set Theory and Model Theory Conference (Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, October 2015) and a detailed proof that in a suitable extension of ZFC, there is a complete sentence of $L_{ω_1,ω}$ that has maximal models in cardinals cofinal in the first measurable cardinal and, of course, never again.
We introduce a family of rank functions and related notions of total transcendence for Galois types in abstract elementary classes. We focus, in particular, on abstract elementary classes satisfying the condition know as tameness (currently suspected to be a necessary condition for the development of a reasonable classification theory) where the connections between stability and total transcendence are most evident. As a byproduct, we obtain a partial upward stability transfer result for tame abstract elementary classes stable in a cardinal lambda satisfying lambda^{aleph_0}, a substantial gen…
In [13] the authors show that if $μ$ is a strongly compact cardinal, $K$ is an Abstract Elementary Class (AEC) with $LS(K)<μ$, and $K$ satisfies joint embedding (amalgamation) cofinally below $μ$, then $K$ satisfies joint embedding (amalgamation) in all cardinals $\ge μ$. The question was raised if the strongly compact upper bound was optimal. In this paper we prove the existence of an AEC $K$ that can be axiomatized by an $\mathcal{L}_{ω_1,ω}$-sentence in a countable vocabulary, so that if $μ$ is the first measurable cardinal, then (1) $K$ satisfies joint embedding cofinally below $μ$ ; (2) $…
Suppose t = (T,T_1, p) is a triple of two theories T subset T_1 in vocabularies tau subset tau_1 (respectively) of cardinality lambda and a tau_1-type p over the empty set; in the main case here is with T stable. We show the Hanf number for the property: "there is a model M_1 of T_1 which omits p, but M_1 restricted to tau is saturated" is larger than the Hanf number of L_{lambda^+, kappa} but smaller than the Hanf number of L_{(2^lambda)^+, kappa} when T is stable with kappa = kappa(T). In fact, we characterize the Hanf number of t when we fix (T, lambda) where T is a first order complete, la…
Let K be an Abstract Elemenetary Class satisfying the amalgamation and the joint embedding property, let μbe the Hanf number of K. Suppose K is tame. MAIN COROLLARY: (ZFC) If K is categorical in a successor cardinal bigger than \beth_{(2^μ)^+} then K is categorical in all cardinals greater than \beth_{(2^μ)^+}. This is an improvment of a Theorem of Makkai and Shelah ([Sh285] who used a strongly compact cardinal for the same conclusion) and Shelah's downward categoricity theorem for AECs with amalgamation (from [Sh394]).
We study AECs without assuming the amalgamation property in general. We do assume the disjoint amalgamation property in a specific cardinality lambda and assume that there is no maximal model in λ. Under these hypotheses, we prove the following: 1. for every model, M, of cardinality λ, and every μ>λ, we can find a model M^* of cardinality μ, extending M. 2.(λ,λ,μ)-amalgalmation property: for every three models M,N,M^* of cardinalities λ,λ,μ, respectively, if M<M^* and M<N then we can amalgamate M^* and N over M.
We introduce a new device in the study of abstract elementary classes (AECs): Galois Morleyization, which consists in expanding the models of the class with a relation for every Galois type of length less than a fixed cardinal $κ$. We show: $\mathbf{Theorem}$ (The semantic-syntactic correspondence) An AEC $K$ is fully $(<κ)$-tame and type short if and only if Galois types are syntactic in the Galois Morleyization. This exhibits a correspondence between AECs and the syntactic framework of stability theory inside a model. We use the correspondence to make progress on the stability theory of tame…
This paper is part of a program initiated by Saharon Shelah to extend the model theory of first order logic to the non-elementary setting of abstract elementary classes (AECs). An abstract elementary class is a semantic generalization of the class of models of a complete first order theory with the elementary substructure relation. We examine the symmetry property of splitting (previously isolated by the first author) in AECs with amalgamation that satisfy a local definition of superstability. The key results are a downward transfer of symmetry and a deduction of symmetry from failure of the o…
We introduce the notion of a `pure` Abstract Elementary Class to block trivial counterexamples. We study classes of models of bipartite graphs and show: Main Theorem (cf. Theorem 3.5.2 and Corollary 3.5.6): If $(λ_i : i \le α<\aleph_1)$ is a strictly increasing sequence of characterizable cardinals (Definition 2.1) whose models satisfy JEP$(<λ_0)$, there is an $L_{ω_1,ω}$ -sentence $ψ$ whose models form a pure AEC and (1) The models of $ψ$ satisfy JEP$(<λ_0)$, while JEP fails for all larger cardinals and AP fails in all infinite cardinals. (2) There exist $2^{λ_i^+}$ non-isomorphic maximal mod…
We show that a number of results on abstract elementary classes (AECs) hold in accessible categories with concrete directed colimits. In particular, we prove a generalization of a recent result of Boney on tameness under a large cardinal assumption. We also show that such categories support a robust version of the Ehrenfeucht-Mostowski construction. This analysis has the added benefit of producing a purely language-free characterization of AECs, and highlights the precise role played by the coherence axiom.
For a fixed natural number $n \geq 1$, the Hart-Shelah example is an abstract elementary class (AEC) with amalgamation that is categorical exactly in the infinite cardinals less than or equal to $\aleph_n$. We investigate recently-isolated properties of AECs in the setting of this example. We isolate the exact amount of type-shortness holding in the example and show that it has a type-full good $\aleph_{n-1}$-frame which fails the existence property for uniqueness triples. This gives the first example of such a frame. Along the way, we develop new tools to build and analyze good frames.
For an infinite cardinal $κ$, let $dedκ$ denote the supremum of the number of Dedekind cuts in linear orders of size $κ$. It is known that $κ<dedκ\leq 2^κ$ for all $κ$ and that $dedκ<2^κ$ is consistent for any $κ$ of uncountable cofinality. We prove however that $2^κ\leq ded ( ded ( ded ( dedκ)))$ always holds. Using this result we calculate the Hanf numbers for the existence of two-cardinal models with arbitrarily large gaps and for the existence of arbitrarily large models omitting a type in the class of countable dependent first-order theories. Specifically, we show that these bounds are as…
Assuming the existence of a monster model, tameness and continuity of nonsplitting in an abstract elementary class (AEC), we extend known superstability results: let $μ>LS({\bf K})$ be a regular stability cardinal and let $χ$ be the local character of $μ$-nonsplitting. The following holds: 1. When $μ$-nonforking is restricted to $(μ,\geqχ)$-limit models ordered by universal extensions, it enjoys invariance, monotonicity, uniqueness, existence, extension and continuity. It also has local character $χ$. This generalizes Vasey's result which assumed $μ$-superstability to obtain same properties bu…
