调查科学文献中的分歧
Investigating Disagreement in the Scientific Literature
摘要：
分歧对科学进步至关重要。然而，科学中分歧的程度，它随时间的演变以及它发生的领域仍然知之甚少。利用大量的英语科学文本，我们开发了一种基于提示短语的方法来识别超过400万篇科学文章中的分歧引用实例。使用这种方法，我们构建了2000-2015年期间跨科学领域分歧的指标。与黑盒文本分类方法相比，我们的框架是透明的，易于解释。我们揭示了一个学科谱的分歧，较高的分歧在社会科学和较低的分歧在物理和数学。然而，详细的学科分析表明各个子领域之间存在异质性，揭示了当地学科文化的重要性和分歧的认识特征。论文层面的分析揭示了科学中值得注意的分歧事件，并说明了方法论工件如何混淆科学文本的分析。这些发现有助于更广泛地理解分歧，并为未来的研究奠定基础，以了解科学进步的关键过程。
英文摘要：
Disagreement is essential to scientific progress. However, the extent of disagreement in science, its evolution over time, and the fields in which it happens, remains poorly understood. Leveraging a massive collection of English-language scientific texts, we develop a cue-phrase based approach to identify instances of disagreement citations across more than four million scientific articles. Using this method, we construct an indicator of disagreement across scientific fields over the 2000-2015 period. In contrast with black-box text classification methods, our framework is transparent and easily interpretable. We reveal a disciplinary spectrum of disagreement, with higher disagreement in the social sciences and lower disagreement in physics and mathematics. However, detailed disciplinary analysis demonstrates heterogeneity across sub-fields, revealing the importance of local disciplinary cultures and epistemic characteristics of disagreement. Paper-level analysis reveals notable episodes of disagreement in science, and illustrates how methodological artifacts can confound analyses of scientific texts. These findings contribute to a broader understanding of disagreement and establish a foundation for future research to understanding key processes underlying scientific progress.
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