Improved strong lensing modelling of galaxy clusters using the Fundamental Plane: Detailed mapping of the baryonic and dark matter mass distribution of Abell S1063
Giovanni Granata, Amata Mercurio, Claudio Grillo, Luca Tortorelli, Pietro Bergamini, Massimo Meneghetti, Piero Rosati, Gabriel Bartosch Caminha, Mario Nonino
备注：
15 pages, 13 figures, 5 tables, Astronomy and Astrophysics, in press
From Hubble Frontier Fields photometry, and data from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer on the Very Large Telescope, we build the Fundamental Plane (FP) relation for the early-type galaxies of the cluster Abell S1063. We use this relation to develop an improved strong lensing model of the total mass distribution of the cluster, determining the velocity dispersions of all 222 cluster members included in the model from their measured structural parameters. Fixing the hot gas component from X-ray data, the mass density distributions of the diffuse dark matter haloes are optimised by comparing the observed and model-predicted positions of 55 multiple images of 20 background sources, distributed over the redshift range $0.73-6.11$. We determine the uncertainties on the model parameters with Monte Carlo Markov chains. Compared to previous works, our model allows for the inclusion of a scatter on the relation between the total mass and the velocity dispersion of cluster members, which also shows a shallower slope. We notice a lower statistical uncertainty on the value of some parameters, such as the core radius, of the diffuse mass component of the cluster. Thanks to a new estimate of the stellar mass of all members, we measure the cumulative projected mass profiles out to a radius of 350 kpc, for all baryonic and dark matter components of the cluster. At the outermost radius, we find a baryon fraction of $0.147 \pm 0.002$. We compare the sub-haloes as described by our model with recent hydrodynamical cosmological simulations. We find good agreement in terms of the stellar over total mass fraction. On the other hand, we report some discrepancies in terms of the maximum circular velocity, which is an indication of their compactness, and the sub-halo mass function in the central cluster regions.
We present a strong-lensing analysis of four massive galaxy clusters imaged with the Hubble Space Telescope in the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey. We use a Light-Traces-Mass technique to uncover sets of multiply images and constrain the mass distribution of the clusters. These mass models are the first published for Abell S295 and MACS J0159.8-0849, and are improvements over previous models for Abell 697 and MACS J0025.4-1222. Our analysis for MACS J0025.4-1222 and Abell S295 shows a bimodal mass distribution supporting the merger scenarios proposed for these clusters. The updated model f…
Abell 2146 consists of two galaxy clusters that have recently collided close to the plane of the sky, and it is unique in showing two large shocks on $\textit{Chandra X-ray Observatory}$ images. With an early stage merger, shortly after first core passage, one would expect the cluster galaxies and the dark matter to be leading the X-ray emitting plasma. In this regard, the cluster Abell 2146-A is very unusual in that the X-ray cool core appears to lead, rather than lag, the Brightest Cluster Galaxy (BCG) in their trajectories. Here we present a strong lensing analysis of multiple image systems…
The galaxy cluster Abell 1644 ($\bar{z}=0.047$) is known for its remarkable spiral-like X-ray emission. It was previously identified as a bimodal system, comprising the subclusters, A1644S and A1644N, each one centered on a giant elliptical galaxy. In this work, we present a comprehensive study of this system, including new weak-lensing and dynamical data and analysis plus a tailor-made hydrodynamical simulation. The lensing and galaxy density maps showed a structure in the North that could not be seen on the X-ray images. We, therefore, rename the previously known northern halo as A1644N1 and…
Measurements of gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) hold the promise of yielding unique insights into cosmology at high redshift. Uncertainties due to baryonic effects associated with galaxy formation and evolution, including gas cooling, star formation, and feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) and supernovae, have typically been neglected when forecasting the sensitivity of future CMB surveys. In this paper, we determine the impact of these effects using four suites of hydrodynamical simulations which incorporate various prescriptions for baryonic processes, n…
Determination of cluster masses is a fundamental tool for cosmology. Comparing mass estimates obtained by different probes allows to understand possible systematic uncertainties. The cluster Abell 315 is an interesting test case, since it has been claimed to be underluminous in X-ray for its mass (determined via kinematics and weak lensing). We have undertaken new spectroscopic observations with the aim of improving the cluster mass estimate, using the distribution of galaxies in projected phase space. We identified cluster members in our new spectroscopic sample. We estimated the cluster mass…
We present a weak-lensing and dynamical study of the complex cluster Abell 1758 (A1758, z = 0.278) supported by hydrodynamical simulations. This cluster is composed of two main structures, called A1758N and A1758S. The Northern structure is composed of A1758NW & A1758NE, with lensing determined masses of 7.90_{-1.55}^{+1.89} X 10^{14} M_\odot and 5.49_{-1.33}^{+1.67} X 10^{14} M_\odot, respectively. They show a remarkable feature: while in A1758NW there is a spatial agreement among weak lensing mass distribution, intracluster medium and its brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in A1758NE the X-ray p…
We present a first strong-lensing model for the galaxy cluster RM J121218.5+273255.1 ($z=0.35$; hereafter RMJ1212; also known as Abell 1489). This cluster is amongst the top 0.1\% richest clusters in the redMaPPer catalog; it is significantly detected in X-ray and through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in ROSAT and \emph{Planck} data, respectively; and its optical luminosity distribution implies a very large lens, following mass-to-light scaling relations. Based on these properties it was chosen for the Webb Medium Deep Fields (WMDF) JWST/GTO program. In preparation for this program, RMJ1212 wa…
Weak-lensing Analysis of Intracluster Filaments in Abell 2744: Matched-filter Scans and Stepwise 2D Tracing
Yonsei University（延世大学）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）；University of California, Davis（加州大学戴维斯分校）；INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova（意大利国家天体物理研究所帕多瓦天文台）
Strong gravitational lensing (SL) has emerged as a very accurate probe of the mass distribution of cluster- and galaxy-scale dark matter (DM) haloes in the inner regions of galaxy clusters. The derived properties of DM haloes can be compared to the predictions of high-resolution cosmological simulations, providing us with a test of the Standard Cosmological Model. The usual choice of simple power-law scaling relations to link the total mass of members with their luminosity is one of the possible inherent systematics within SL models of galaxy clusters, and thus on the derived cluster masses. U…
We present a high-precision mass model of galaxy cluster Abell 2744, based on a strong-gravitational-lensing analysis of the \emph{Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields} (HFF) imaging data, which now include both \emph{Advanced Camera for Surveys} and \emph{Wide-Field Camera 3} observations to the final depth. Taking advantage of the unprecedented depth of the visible and near-infrared data, we identify 34 new multiply imaged galaxies, bringing the total to 61, comprising 181 individual lensed images. In the process, we correct previous erroneous identifications and positions of multiple syst…
We test the Emergent Gravity(EG) theory using the galaxy-galaxy lensing technique based on SDSS DR7 data. In the EG scenario, we do not expect color dependence of the galaxy sample in the 'apparent dark matter' predicted by EG, which is exerted only by the baryonic mass. If the baryonic mass is similar, then the predicted lensing profiles from the baryonic mass should be similar according to the EG, regardless of the color of the galaxy sample. We use the stellar mass of the galaxy as a proxy of its baryonic mass. We divide our galaxy sample into 5 stellar mass bins, and further classify them …
The galaxy cluster Abell~3376 is a nearby (z=0.046) dissociative merging cluster surrounded by two prominent radio relics and showing an X-ray comet-like morphology. The merger system is comprised of the subclusters A3376W & A3376E. Based on new deep multi-wavelength large-field images and published redshifts, we bring new insights about the history of this merger. Despite the difficulty of applying the weak lensing technique at such low redshift, we successfully recovered the mass distribution in the cluster field. Moreover, with the application of a two-body model, we have addressed the dyna…
The ALMA Frontier Fields Survey. VI. Lensing-corrected 1.1mm number counts in Abell 2744, MACSJ0416.1-2403, MACSJ1149.5+2223, Abell 370 and Abell S1063
本文利用 ALMA 对五个哈勃前沿场星系团的观测，通过统计透镜校正和蒙特卡洛模拟，推导出低至 0.01 mJy 的 1.1mm 计数，证实了计数平坦化趋势并支持其对应高红移红外光度函数拐点的解释。
We present an analysis of MUSE observations obtained on the massive Frontier Fields cluster Abell 2744. This new dataset covers the entire multiply-imaged region around the cluster core. We measure spectroscopic redshifts for HST-selected continuum sources together with line emitters blindly detected in the datacube. The combined catalog consists of 514 spectroscopic redshifts (with 414 new identifications), including 156 cluster members and 326 magnified background sources. We use this redshift information to perform a strong-lensing analysis of all multiple images previously found in the dee…
ID11 is an actively star forming extremely compact galaxy and Ly alpha emitter at z=3.117 that is gravitationally magnified by a factor of ~17 by the cluster of galaxies Hubble Frontier Fields AS1063. Its observed properties resemble those of low luminosity HII galaxies or Giant HII regions like 30-Doradus in the LMC. Using the tight correlation correlation between the Balmer-line luminosities and the width of the emission lines (typically L(Hbeta)-sigma(Hbeta)) valid for HII galaxies and Giant HII regions to estimate its total luminosity, we are able to measure the lensing amplification of ID…
Baryonic mass budgets in the central regions of the Bullet Cluster and their consistency with strong lensing in MOND
University of Bonn（波恩大学）；Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS)（基础科学高等研究所）；Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM)（基础科学研究院）；University of Portsmouth（朴茨茅斯大学）；Yonsei University（延世大学）
We present a strong and weak lensing reconstruction of the massive cluster Abell 2744, the first cluster for which deep Hubble Frontier Field (HFF) images and spectroscopy from the Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS) are available. By performing a targeted search for emission lines in multiply imaged sources using the GLASS spectra, we obtain 5 high-confidence spectroscopic redshifts and 2 tentative ones. We confirm 1 strongly lensed system by detecting the same emission lines in all 3 multiple images. We also search for additional line emitters blindly and use the full GLASS spectr…
We present a new gravitational lens model of the Hubble Frontier Fields cluster Abell 370 ($z = 0.375$) using imaging and spectroscopy from Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based spectroscopy. We combine constraints from a catalog of 1344 weakly lensed galaxies and 39 multiply-imaged sources comprised of 114 multiple images, including a system of multiply-imaged candidates at $z=7.93 \pm 0.02$, to obtain a best-fit mass distribution using the cluster lens modeling code Strong and Weak Lensing United. As the only analysis of A370 using strong and weak lensing constraints from Hubble Frontier F…
Theoretical studies of structure formation find an inverse proportionality between the concentration of dark matter haloes and virial mass. This trend has been recently confirmed for virial masses Mvir > ~6e12 Msun by the observation of the X-ray emission from the hot halo gas. We present an alternative approach to this problem, exploring the concentration of dark matter haloes over galaxy scales on a sample of 18 early-type systems. Our c-Mvir relation is consistent with the X-ray analysis, extending towards lower virial masses, covering the range from ~4e11 Msun up to 5e12 Msun. A combinatio…
The non-detection of dark matter (DM) particles in increasingly stringent laboratory searches has encouraged alternative gravity theories where gravity is sourced only from visible matter. Here, we consider whether such theories can pass a two-dimensional test posed by gravitational lensing -- to reproduce a particularly detailed Einstein ring in the core of the galaxy cluster Abell 3827. We find that when we require the lensing mass distribution to strictly follow the shape (ellipticity and position angle) of the light distribution of cluster member galaxies, intracluster stars, and the X-ray…
The flux ratios in the multiple images of gravitationally lensed quasars can provide evidence for dark matter substructure in the halo of the lensing galaxy if the flux ratios differ from those predicted by a smooth model of the lensing galaxy mass distribution. However, it is also possible that baryonic structures in the lensing galaxy, such as edge-on discs, can produce flux-ratio anomalies. In this work, we present the first statistical analysis of flux-ratio anomalies due to baryons from a numerical simulation perspective. We select galaxies with various morphological types in the Illustri…
Gravitational lensing is a powerful probe of the mass distribution of galaxy clusters and cosmology. However, accurate measurements of the cluster mass profiles are limited by uncertainties in cluster astrophysics. In this work, we present a physically motivated model of baryonic effects on the cluster mass profiles, which self-consistently takes into account the impact of baryons on the concentration as well as mass accretion histories of galaxy clusters. We calibrate this model using the Omega500 hydrodynamical cosmological simulations of galaxy clusters with varying baryonic physics. Our mo…
We study the dynamics of Abell 370 (A370), a highly massive Hubble Frontier Fields galaxy cluster, using self-consistent three-dimensional N-body/hydrodynamical simulations. Our simulations are constrained by X-ray, optical spectroscopic and gravitational lensing, and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect observations. Analyzing archival Chandra observations of A370 and comparing the X-ray morphology to the latest gravitational lensing mass reconstruction, we find offsets of ~30 kpc and ~100 kpc between the two X-ray surface brightness peaks and their nearest mass surface density peaks, suggesting th…
Abell 2163 at $z \simeq 0.201$ is one of the most massive galaxy clusters known, very likely in a post-merging phase. Data from several observational windows suggest a complex mass structure with interacting subsystems, which makes the reconstruction of a realistic merging scenario very difficult. A missing key element in this sense is unveiling the cluster mass distribution at high resolution. We perform such a reconstruction of the cluster inner total mass through a strong lensing model based on new spectroscopic redshift measurements. We use data from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (…
In this Letter we compare the abundance of member galaxies of a rich, nearby ($z=0.09$) galaxy cluster, Abell 2142, with that of halos of comparable virial mass extracted from sets of state-of-the-art numerical simulations, both collisionless at different resolutions and with the inclusion of baryonic physics in the form of cooling, star formation, and feedback by active galactic nuclei. We also use two semi-analytical models to account for the presence of orphan galaxies. The photometric and spectroscopic information, taken from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 12 (SDSS DR12) databas…
Forthcoming projects such as the DES, a JDEM, and LSST, aim to measure weak lensing shear correlations with unprecedented accuracy. Weak lensing observables are sensitive to both the distance-redshift relation and the growth of structure in the Universe. If the cause of accelerated cosmic expansion is dark energy within general relativity (GR), both cosmic distances and structure growth are governed by the properties of dark energy. Consequently, one may use lensing to check for this consistency and test GR. After reviewing the phenomenology of such tests, we address one major challenge to suc…
Calibrating baryonic feedback with weak lensing and fast radio bursts
Ruhr University Bochum（鲁尔大学波鸿分校）；Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn（波恩大学阿根兰德天文学研究所）；Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München（慕尼黑路德维希-马克西米利安大学）；Excellence Cluster ORIGINS（ORIGINS卓越集群）
A comprehensive separation of dark matter and baryonic mass components in galaxy clusters I: Mass constraints from Abell S1063
Durham University（杜伦大学）；Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)（洛桑联邦理工学院）；Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France（法国马赛艾克斯大学）；ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Córdova 3107,Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago de Chile, Chile（智利圣地亚哥ESO维塔库拉天文台）；SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank, SK11 9FT, UK（英国SKA天文台乔德尔班克）；University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa（南非夸祖鲁-纳塔尔大学）
We perform a comprehensive study of the total mass distribution of the galaxy cluster RXCJ2248 ($z=0.348$) with a set of high-precision strong lensing models, which take advantage of extensive spectroscopic information on many multiply lensed systems. In the effort to understand and quantify inherent systematics in parametric strong lensing modelling, we explore a collection of 22 models where we use different samples of multiple image families, parametrizations of the mass distribution and cosmological parameters. As input information for the strong lensing models, we use the CLASH HST imagin…
We analyse the stellar kinematics of the z=0.169 brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in Abell 1201, using integral field observations with VLT/MUSE. This galaxy has a gravitationally-lensed arc located at unusually small radius ($\sim$5 kpc), allowing us to constrain the mass distribution using lensing and stellar dynamical information over the same radial range. We measure a velocity dispersion profile which is nearly flat at $σ$ $\approx$ 285 km/s in the inner $\sim$5 kpc, and then rises steadily to $σ$ $\approx$ 360 km/s at $\sim$30 kpc. We analyse the kinematics using axisymmetric Jeans models,…
We present the results obtained with MUSE on the core of the lensing cluster A1689. Integral-field observations with MUSE provide a unique view of the central region, allowing us to conduct a complete census on both cluster galaxies and lensed background sources, identified based on their spectral features without preselection. We investigate the multiple-image configuration for all known sources in the field. Previous to our survey, 28 different lensed galaxies displaying 46 multiple images were known in the MUSE field of view, most of them based on photometric redshifts and lensing considera…
[abridged] Characterizing the number counts of faint, dusty star-forming galaxies is currently a challenge even for deep, high-resolution observations in the FIR-to-mm regime. They are predicted to account for approximately half of the total extragalactic background light at those wavelengths. Searching for dusty star-forming galaxies behind massive galaxy clusters benefits from strong lensing, enhancing their measured emission while increasing spatial resolution. Derived number counts depend, however, on mass reconstruction models that properly constrain these clusters. We estimate the 1.1 mm…
Strong gravitational lensing is a unique tool to model with great accuracy the inner mass distribution of massive galaxy clusters. In particular, clusters with large Einstein radii provide a wealth of multiply imaged systems in the cluster core allowing to determine precisely the shape of the central dark matter profile. This paper presents a spectroscopic survey in the massive cluster Abell 1703, displaying a large Einstein radius (28" at z=2.8) and a high number of strongly-lensed systems including a central ring-like configuration. We used LRIS on Keck to target multiple images and lensed g…
The galaxy cluster system Abell 1689 has been well studied and yields good lensing and X-ray gas data. Modified gravity (MOG) is applied to the cluster Abell 1689 and the acceleration data is well fitted without assuming dark matter. Newtonian dynamics and Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) are shown not to fit the acceleration data, while a dark matter model based on the Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) mass profile is shown to fit the acceleration data for the radial range $r > 200$ kpc.
Abell 1201 is a massive galaxy cluster at z=0.169 with a brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) that acts as a gravitational lens to a background source at z=0.451. The lensing configuration is unusual, with a single bright arc formed at small radius $\sim$2 arcsec), where stars and dark matter are both expected to contribute substantially to the total lensing mass. Here, we present deep spectroscopic observations of the Abell 1201 BCG with MUSE, which reveal emission lines from a faint counter-image, opposite to the main arc, at a radius of 0.6 arcsec. We explore models in which the lensing mass is d…
We test the ability of strong lensing data to constrain the size of a central core in the dark matter halos of galaxy clusters, using Abell 611 as a prototype. Using simulated data, we show that modeling a cluster halo with ellipticity in the gravitational potential can bias the inferred mass and concentration, which may bias the inferred central density when weak lensing or X-ray data are added. We also the highlight the possibility for spurious constraints on the core size if the radial density profile is different from the assumed model. These systematics can be ameliorated if central image…
Chandra Lensing-cluster Ultradeep Extragalactic Survey (CLUES) I: A 2 Ms Point-Source Catalog of the Abell 2744 Field
Peking University（北京大学）；Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University（北京大学科维理天文与天体物理研究所）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Nanjing University（南京大学）；The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学引力与宇宙学研究所）
In this work the space-time geometry of the halo region in spiral galaxies is obtained considering the observed flat galactic rotation curve feature, invoking the Tully-Fisher relation and assuming the presence of cold dark matter in the galaxy. The gravitational lensing analysis is performed treating the so obtained space-time as a gravitational lens. It is found that the aforementioned space-time as the gravitational lens can consistently explain the galaxy-galaxy weak gravitational lensing observations and the lensing observations of the well-known Abell 370 galaxy cluster.
