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arXiv 2107.07534astro-ph.EPastro-ph.SR
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蒸发系外行星大气的星风禁闭及其1083 nm观测特征

Stellar Wind Confinement of Evaporating Exoplanet Atmospheres and its Signatures in 1083 nm Observations

Morgan MacLeod, Antonija Oklopčić

摘要:

从近距离系外行星的大气逃逸被认为是形成观测到的行星种群的关键。最近,在观察这一过程中的行动,通过过渡光谱和窄带光变曲线中的过量吸收已经取得了重大进展。我们模拟逃逸的初始均匀的行星风与恒星风相互作用。两股风的冲压压力平衡控制着这种相互作用。当恒星风对行星外流的冲击是温和的或中等的,行星外流在形成激波边界层之前通过其音速表面近似球形地膨胀。当约束很强时,行星流出物在膨胀到音速半径之前被重新引导到彗星尾部。由此产生的透射谱在He 1083 nm线准确地表示为一个1D球风的解决方案,在温和到中等的恒星风相互作用的情况下。在强烈的恒星风相互作用的情况下,吸收的程度增强,彗星尾巴导致从过境延长出口。因此,风-风相互作用的关键特征被封装在He 1083 nm等效宽度的光变曲线中作为时间的函数。扩展的He 1083 nm吸收远远超出光学过境的可能性进行规划的重要影响“过境外”的观测,作为在途数据的基线。

英文摘要:

Atmospheric escape from close-in exoplanets is thought to be crucial in shaping observed planetary populations. Recently, significant progress has been made in observing this process in action through excess absorption in transit spectra and narrowband light curves. We model the escape of initially-homogeneous planetary winds interacting with a stellar wind. The ram pressure balance of the two winds governs this interaction. When the impingement of the stellar wind on the planetary outflow is mild or moderate, the planetary outflow expands nearly spherically through its sonic surface before forming a shocked boundary layer. When the confinement is strong, the planetary outflow is redirected into a cometary tail before it expands to its sonic radius. The resultant transmission spectra at the He 1083 nm line are accurately represented by a 1D spherical wind solution in cases of mild to moderate stellar wind interaction. In cases of strong stellar wind interaction, the degree of absorption is enhanced and the cometary tail leads to an extended egress from transit. The crucial features of the wind--wind interaction are, therefore, encapsulated in the light curve of He 1083 nm equivalent width as a function of time. The possibility of extended He 1083 nm absorption well beyond the optical transit carries important implications for planning "out-of-transit" observations that serve as a baseline for in-transit data.

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