总污染源和车辆减排
Gross polluters and vehicles' emissions reduction
摘要：
车辆排放的废气在城市空气污染中占很大比例，对环境和人类健康产生重大影响。传统的排放估计方法使用遥感站，遗漏车辆的完整行驶周期，或集中在少数车辆上。我们使用GPS跟踪和微观模型来分析三个欧洲城市数千辆私家车的四种空气污染物的排放。我们发现，车辆和道路的排放量很好地近似于重尾分布，从而发现存在严重的污染者，车辆负责的最大数量的排放量，和严重污染的道路，遭受最大的排放量。我们的模拟表明，针对总污染者的减排政策比那些基于非知情选择车辆的限制流通政策更有效。我们的研究有助于形成关于如何用数字数据测量排放的讨论。
英文摘要：
Vehicles' emissions produce a significant share of cities' air pollution, with a substantial impact on the environment and human health. Traditional emission estimation methods use remote sensing stations, missing vehicles' full driving cycle, or focus on a few vehicles. We use GPS traces and a microscopic model to analyse the emissions of four air pollutants from thousands of private vehicles in three European cities. We find that the emissions across the vehicles and roads are well approximated by heavy-tailed distributions and thus discover the existence of gross polluters, vehicles responsible for the greatest quantity of emissions, and grossly polluted roads, which suffer the greatest amount of emissions. Our simulations show that emissions reduction policies targeting gross polluters are way more effective than those limiting circulation based on a non-informed choice of vehicles. Our study contributes to shaping the discussion on how to measure emissions with digital data.
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