Interactions govern the flow of information and the formation of correlations in quantum systems, dictating the phases of matter found in nature and the forms of entanglement generated in the laboratory. Typical interactions decay with distance and thus produce a network of connectivity governed by geometry, e.g., by the crystalline structure of a material or the trapping sites of atoms in a quantum simulator. However, many envisioned applications in quantum simulation and computation require richer coupling graphs including nonlocal interactions, which notably feature in mappings of hard optimization problems onto frustrated spin systems and in models of information scrambling in black holes. Here, we report on the realization of programmable nonlocal interactions in an array of atomic ensembles within an optical cavity, where photons carry information between distant atomic spins. By programming the distance-dependence of interactions, we access effective geometries where the dimensionality, topology, and metric are entirely distinct from the physical arrangement of atoms. As examples, we engineer an antiferromagnetic triangular ladder, a Moebius strip with sign-changing interactions, and a treelike geometry inspired by concepts of quantum gravity. The tree graph constitutes a toy model of holographic duality, where the quantum system may be viewed as lying on the boundary of a higher-dimensional geometry that emerges from measured spin correlations. Our work opens broader prospects for simulating frustrated magnets and topological phases, investigating quantum optimization algorithms, and engineering new entangled resource states for sensing and computation.
Observing quantum many-body dynamics in emergent curved spacetime using programmable quantum processors
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；Leibniz Universität Hannover（汉诺威莱布尼茨大学）；Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）；École Normale Supérieure (ENS), Université PSL（巴黎高等师范学院，巴黎文理研究大学）；IBM Quantum, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center（IBM量子，IBM托马斯·J·沃森研究中心）；MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab（麻省理工学院-IBM沃森人工智能实验室）；ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）
Université de Tours（图尔大学）；Université d’Orléans（奥尔良大学）；CNRS, IDP, UMR 7013（法国国家科学研究中心，图像与数据处理实验室，联合研究单位7013）；Nordita, Stockholm University（北欧理论天体物理学研究所，斯德哥尔摩大学）；Wilczek Quantum Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Science and Technology of China（吴健雄量子中心，上海高等研究院，中国科学院大学）
Most atomic physics experiments are controlled by a digital pattern generator used to synchronize all equipment by providing triggers and clocks. Recently, the availability of well-documented open-source development tools has lifted the barriers to using programmable systems on chip (PSoC), making them a convenient and versatile tool for synthesizing digital patterns. Here, we take advantage of these advancements in the design of a versatile clock and pattern generator using a PSoC. We present our design with the intent of highlighting the new possibilities that PSoCs have to offer in terms of…
Advances in laser technology have driven discoveries in atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physics and emerging applications, from quantum computers with cold atoms or ions, to quantum networks with solid-state color centers. This progress is motivating the development of a new generation of "programmable optical control" systems, characterized by criteria (C1) visible (VIS) and near-infrared (IR) wavelength operation, (C2) large channel counts extensible beyond 1000s of individually addressable atoms, (C3) high intensity modulation extinction and (C4) repeatability compatible with low gate …
Programmable cavity QED with a fiber-integrated atomic array
Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA)（奥地利科学技术研究院）；Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien（维也纳量子科学与技术中心，原子物理研究所，维也纳工业大学）
Quantum annealing aims at solving optimization problems efficiently by preparing the ground state of an Ising spin-Hamiltonian quantum mechanically. A prerequisite of building a quantum annealer is the implementation of programmable long-range two-, three- or multi-spin Ising interactions. We discuss an architecture, where the required spin interactions are implemented via two-port, or in general multi-port quantum Ising wires connecting the spins of interest. This quantum annealing architecture of spins connected by Ising quantum wires can be realized by exploiting the three dimensional (3D) …
Interplay of Confinement and Localization in a Programmable Rydberg Atom Chain
Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum Jülich（于利希超级计算中心，于利希研究中心）；RWTH Aachen University（亚琛工业大学）；Department of Computer Science, University of Cologne（科隆大学计算机科学系）；Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich（于利希研究中心先进模拟研究所）；Jožef Stefan Institute（约瑟夫·斯蒂芬研究所）；CENN Nanocenter（CENN纳米中心）
Laser-cooled and trapped atomic ions form an ideal standard for the simulation of interacting quantum spin models. Effective spins are represented by appropriate internal energy levels within each ion, and the spins can be measured with near-perfect efficiency using state-dependent fluorescence techniques. By applying optical fields that exert optical dipole forces on the ions, their Coulomb interaction can be modulated to produce long-range and tunable spin-spin interactions that can be reconfigured by shaping the spectrum and pattern of the laser fields, in a prototypical example of a quantu…
Motivated by far-reaching applications ranging from quantum simulations of complex processes in physics and chemistry to quantum information processing, a broad effort is currently underway to build large-scale programmable quantum systems. Such systems provide unique insights into strongly correlated quantum matter, while at the same time enabling new methods for computation and metrology. Here, we demonstrate a programmable quantum simulator based on deterministically prepared two-dimensional arrays of neutral atoms, featuring strong interactions controlled via coherent atomic excitation int…
Gate model quantum computers promise to solve currently intractable computational problems if they can be operated at scale with long coherence times and high fidelity logic. Neutral atom hyperfine qubits provide inherent scalability due to their identical characteristics, long coherence times, and ability to be trapped in dense multi-dimensional arrays\cite{Saffman2010}. Combined with the strong entangling interactions provided by Rydberg states\cite{Jaksch2000,Gaetan2009,Urban2009}, all the necessary characteristics for quantum computation are available. Here we demonstrate several quantum a…
Programmable Polaron Models and Tomography in Trapped-Ion Quantum Simulators
Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich（苏黎世联邦理工学院理论物理研究所）；IBM Quantum, IBM Research – Zurich（IBM量子，IBM苏黎世研究中心）；Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University（莱斯大学天体物理学与天文系及Smalley-Curl研究所）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）
Preparation of hundreds of microscopic atomic ensembles in optical tweezer arrays
我们提出了可编程的二维阵列的微观原子系综组成的400多个网站，几乎均匀的填充和小的原子数波动。我们的方法涉及直接投影的光图案从数字图像处理设备具有高的空间分辨率到一个光学煎饼陷阱作为一个水库。这使得可以在单个步骤中以高占用数量和每个镊子的低功率要求装载大的镊子阵列。每个原子系综被限制为$\sim 1\,μ$ m $^3$，具有从20到200个原子的可控占据和（亚）泊松原子数波动。因此，它们非常适合于量子模拟和实现集体编码的里德堡原子量子比特的大阵列，用于量子信息处理。
Non-local mass superpositions and optical clock interferometry in atomic ensemble quantum networks
University of Innsbruck（因斯布鲁克大学）；Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences（奥地利科学院量子光学和量子信息研究所）；Leibniz Universität Hannover（汉诺威莱布尼茨大学）；JILA, NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado（科罗拉多大学JILA、美国国家标准与技术研究院及物理系）；Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado（科罗拉多大学量子物质理论中心）
